CHRIST (Deemed to University), Bangalore

DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES

School of Sciences






Syllabus for
MSc (Zoology)
Academic Year  (2024)

 
        

  

Assesment Pattern

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

 
Examination And Assesments

The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) internal evaluation and (b) external evaluation. 50% weightage shall be given to internal evaluation and the remaining 50% to external evaluation and the ratio and weightage between internal and external is 1:1.  (a) Internal evaluation: The internal evaluation shall be based on predetermined transparent system involving periodic written tests, assignments, seminars and attendance in respect of theory courses and based on written tests, lab skill/records/viva and attendance in respect of practical courses.

 
Department Overview:

The department of Life Sciences is a unique department in the University where multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teaching and research in life sciences have established permanent roots. It is a diverse discipline that covers all branches of Zoology, Botany and Biotechnology in a dominant manner. This is one of the oldest departments of Christ University (formerly Christ College) started from the inception of the Institution in 1969. This serves as a valuable foundation to many students for understanding cellular and molecular level organization in living beings. The uniqueness of the department essentially lies in the fact that within its faculty there are experts and active researchers representing almost all areas of modern biology. Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory focuses on the extraction, purification, characterization and identification of secondary metabolites present in plants. Particularly, we focus on the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants like Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica, Nothapodytes etc. Plant Tissue Culture laboratory focuses on developing biotechnological approaches for the production of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. We also aim at the rapid multiplication of medicinal plants through plant tissue culture in this laboratory.

 
Mission Statement:

To uphold the core values of the university and to build up a Life Science Community, for the betterment of humanity with their knowledge, ethics and entrepreneurship.

 
Introduction to Program:

This program is one of the most fundamental unit of basic sciences studied at Postgraduate level. The program helps to develop scientific tempers and attitudes, which in turn can prove to be beneficial for the society since the scientific developments can make a nation or society to grow at a rapid pace. After studying this program, students will be more equipped to learn and know about different biological systems, their coordination and control as well as evolution, behavior and biological roles of the animals in the ecosystem. Moreover, they will be able to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse evolutionary parameters using various bioinformatics and computational tools used in modern sciences. This will provide them ample opportunities to explore different career avenues.

 
Program Objective:

Programme Outcome/Programme Learning Goals/Programme Learning Outcome:

PO1: Demonstrate theoretical and technical understanding of the concepts in animal sciences

PO2: Apply state of the art techniques in advanced animal science research

PO3: Understand and critically appraise new data arising from the use of techniques and to interpret the implications of data for the welfare of the society

PO4: Evaluate the commercial, ethical and regulatory aspects in animal sciences.

PO5: Develop competency for employment and entrepreneurship

PO6: Develop proficiency for competitive exams

MLIF131 - MICROBIOLOGY (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms. The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them. This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Examine and evaluate the structure and functions of various microbes

CO2: Investigate and interpret the pathogenesis of microorganisms and their treatment

CO3: Demonstrate proficiency in microbial techniques to become competent for jobs in dairy, pharmaceutical, industrial and clinical research.

CO4: Design and execute experiments to understand the significance of microbes in the environmental sustainability and industrial products

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Introductory Microbiology
 

History of Microbiology, Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms, Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms, Bergey’s manual, Staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Microbial Taxonomy: Pure culture techniques (Streaking, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution), Identification of microorganisms – Morphological, Biochemical, serological and molecular techniques. Microbial Culture preservation techniques.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Introductory Microbiology
 

History of Microbiology, Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms, Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms, Bergey’s manual, Staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Microbial Taxonomy: Pure culture techniques (Streaking, spread plate, pour plate, serial dilution), Identification of microorganisms – Morphological, Biochemical, serological and molecular techniques. Microbial Culture preservation techniques.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:7
Prokaryotic cell structure
 

Bacterial cell structure, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, Cellwall, flagella, pili and capsule – structure & functions, endospore formation. Bacterial secretory system

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:7
Prokaryotic cell structure
 

Bacterial cell structure, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, Cellwall, flagella, pili and capsule – structure & functions, endospore formation. Bacterial secretory system

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Physiology of Microorganisms
 

Microbial metabolism: Aerobic, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, Catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Bacterial photosynthesis, oxidation of inorganic molecules. Growth curve, factors affecting growth, Nutritional classification, Microbial associations (Mutualism, Syntrophism, Proto-cooperation, Commensalism, Ammensalism, Predation, Parasitism,), Stress physiology: effect of oxygen toxicity, pH, osmotic pressure, heat shock on bacteria, HSPs, thermophiles, halophiles, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, psychrophiles and barophiles and their adaptations and significance, Bacterial biofilm formation (mechanism and mode of resistance),  Nitrogen fixation mechanisms and genes involved.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Physiology of Microorganisms
 

Microbial metabolism: Aerobic, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, Catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Bacterial photosynthesis, oxidation of inorganic molecules. Growth curve, factors affecting growth, Nutritional classification, Microbial associations (Mutualism, Syntrophism, Proto-cooperation, Commensalism, Ammensalism, Predation, Parasitism,), Stress physiology: effect of oxygen toxicity, pH, osmotic pressure, heat shock on bacteria, HSPs, thermophiles, halophiles, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, psychrophiles and barophiles and their adaptations and significance, Bacterial biofilm formation (mechanism and mode of resistance),  Nitrogen fixation mechanisms and genes involved.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:8
Virology
 

Viruses – Structure and classification based on shape and nucleic acid, Plant viruses – symptoms, transmission and control strategies of TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses - DNA viruses: Hepatitis B virus. RNA viruses: HIV, Nipah virus and Coronavirus (structure, infection cycle and risk factors) Bacteriophages-. Life cycle of Lambda phage.. Cultivation and assay of viruses: Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell cultures. 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:8
Virology
 

Viruses – Structure and classification based on shape and nucleic acid, Plant viruses – symptoms, transmission and control strategies of TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses - DNA viruses: Hepatitis B virus. RNA viruses: HIV, Nipah virus and Coronavirus (structure, infection cycle and risk factors) Bacteriophages-. Life cycle of Lambda phage.. Cultivation and assay of viruses: Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals and cell cultures. 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:8
Mycology and Phycology
 

Fungi:- Structural features, Ainsworth’s system of classification, salient features of division, reproduction of fungi, fungi as food, as plant pathogens, control measures of fungi, Mycorrhizae- ecto and endomycorrhizae, significance, Algae:- Salient features, classification (Fritsch’s) and reproduction, , Symbiotic algae, use as biofuel, Algae as SCP (advantages and disadvantages)

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:8
Mycology and Phycology
 

Fungi:- Structural features, Ainsworth’s system of classification, salient features of division, reproduction of fungi, fungi as food, as plant pathogens, control measures of fungi, Mycorrhizae- ecto and endomycorrhizae, significance, Algae:- Salient features, classification (Fritsch’s) and reproduction, , Symbiotic algae, use as biofuel, Algae as SCP (advantages and disadvantages)

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:12
Medical Microbiology
 

Concepts of pathogenesis, virulence and epidemiology, Disease classification - Epidemic, endemic and pandemics, CDC and its role, normal human microflora, gut microbiota and its relevance. Major Bacterial disease –Tuberculosis. Major parasitic diseases –Malaria, Diagnosis and control of infections, Antibiotic – types and mechanism of action, biomedical waste management, nosocomial infections, Drug resistance in bacteria – causes and consequences, superbugs.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:12
Medical Microbiology
 

Concepts of pathogenesis, virulence and epidemiology, Disease classification - Epidemic, endemic and pandemics, CDC and its role, normal human microflora, gut microbiota and its relevance. Major Bacterial disease –Tuberculosis. Major parasitic diseases –Malaria, Diagnosis and control of infections, Antibiotic – types and mechanism of action, biomedical waste management, nosocomial infections, Drug resistance in bacteria – causes and consequences, superbugs.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:5
Applied Microbiology
 

Microbes in food manufacture (Yeast, Lactobacillus etc), food spoilage (Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia etc, mycotoxins - aflatoxins, ochratoxins, ergot alkaloids), agriculture (Rhizobium, Trichoderma etc), environmental management, Biodegradation of Xenobiotics - hydrocarbons, pesticides and plastics, Bioleaching of Copper, Iron , Uranium, Gold.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:5
Applied Microbiology
 

Microbes in food manufacture (Yeast, Lactobacillus etc), food spoilage (Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia etc, mycotoxins - aflatoxins, ochratoxins, ergot alkaloids), agriculture (Rhizobium, Trichoderma etc), environmental management, Biodegradation of Xenobiotics - hydrocarbons, pesticides and plastics, Bioleaching of Copper, Iron , Uranium, Gold.

Text Books And Reference Books:

M. J. Pelczar Jr, E. C. S. Chan and N. R. Krieg, Microbiology, 5th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGgraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd., 2004.

 V. B. Rastogi, Biostatistics, New Delhi: Medtec, Scientific International, Pvt. Ltd., 2015.

R. C. Dubey and D. K. Maheswari, Microbiology, New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2010.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

M. T. Madigan. J. M. Martinko. D. Stahl. D. P. Clark, USA: Brock's Biology of Microorganisms 13 ed. Benjamin Cummings. 2010.

R. Ananthanarayan and C. K. J. Paniker, Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology 8thed. Universities Press. 2009.

G. J. Tortora, B. R. Funke, and C. L. Case, An Introduction to Microbiology, 11th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.

W. W. Daniel and C. L. Cross, USA: Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, 10th ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012.

P. Lansing, H. John, and K. Donald, Microbiology, 6th ed. Australia: McGraw Hill, 2004.

Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

MLIF132 - BIOCHEMISTRY (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

The paper is intended to develop understanding and provide a scientific basis of the inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms. It also gives a thorough knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids), and the metabolic and bioenergetic pathways within the cell. Students learn to interpret and solve clinical problems.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students will be able to Understand the fundamental properties of biomolecules and their importance in biological systems

CO2: apply the knowledge of biochemistry to correlate the structure and functional relationships of biomolecules in living organisms.

CO3: demonstrate the importance of high energy, electron transport chain and ATP synthesis.

CO4: identify the significance of enzymes, vitamins and hormones in human metabolism

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
Foundation of Biochemistry and Bioenergetics
 

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH2). Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions. Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential. Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
Foundation of Biochemistry and Bioenergetics
 

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH2). Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions. Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential. Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
Foundation of Biochemistry and Bioenergetics
 

Forces and interactions of biomolecules; chemical bonds – Covalent and Ionic bond (bond energy), Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction.), high energy molecules in living system (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADH, NADPH, FAD, FADH2). Buffers and Solutions: Concept of pH, pKa, titration curve, acids, bases and buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, biological buffer solutions. Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Coupled reactions, group transfer, biological energy transducers, redox potential. Principles of thermodynamics; Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; energy rich bonds and weak interactions; Bioenergetics.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Carbohydrates
 

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins). Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Carbohydrates
 

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins). Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Carbohydrates
 

Classification, structure and Properties of mono, oligo and polysaccharides. Chirality and optical activity, stereoisomerism, cyclic structure of monosaccharide, (pyranoses and furanoses) , structures of glucose. Absolute and relative configuration (D & L and R & S nomenclature). Disaccharides-structures of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Raffinose. Polysaccharides. Structure and properties of homo and hetero polysaccharides. Storage polysaccharides. (Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin) Derived sugars- Sugar acids (Aldonic, Aldaric and Saccharic acids), amino sugars. Derivatives of carbohydrates (Glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, Proteoglycan and glycoproteins). Carbohydrate metabolism:Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycolysis- Energetics and Regulation, Fermentation reactions (Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation), Gluconeogenesis, Reciprocal regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle- Energetics and regulation, Glyoxylate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:11
Proteins
 

Amino acids - Structure, properties, classification and functions, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids. Proteins - peptide bond, Ramachandran's plot, Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds),. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship.Thermodynamics of protein folding, denaturation and renaturation with examples, chaperones and chaperonins. Protein turnover (ubiquitin-mediated). Membrane proteins: channels and pumps. Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and hemoglobin. Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:11
Proteins
 

Amino acids - Structure, properties, classification and functions, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids. Proteins - peptide bond, Ramachandran's plot, Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds),. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship.Thermodynamics of protein folding, denaturation and renaturation with examples, chaperones and chaperonins. Protein turnover (ubiquitin-mediated). Membrane proteins: channels and pumps. Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and hemoglobin. Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:11
Proteins
 

Amino acids - Structure, properties, classification and functions, modifications of amino acids in proteins, non-protein amino acids. Proteins - peptide bond, Ramachandran's plot, Structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Domains, Motifs & Folds),. Structure and functional classification of proteins. Structure- function relationship.Thermodynamics of protein folding, denaturation and renaturation with examples, chaperones and chaperonins. Protein turnover (ubiquitin-mediated). Membrane proteins: channels and pumps. Keratin, Silk fibroin, collagen triple helix and hemoglobin. Amino acid and Protein metabolism: Transamination, Deamination, Decarboxylation, urea cycle and its regulation, formation of uric acid.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:12
Enzyme Kinetics
 

Enzymes: Enzyme nomenclature and classification. Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Ribozymes, proteases, nucleases. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, and Lineweaver–Burk equations. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:12
Enzyme Kinetics
 

Enzymes: Enzyme nomenclature and classification. Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Ribozymes, proteases, nucleases. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, and Lineweaver–Burk equations. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:12
Enzyme Kinetics
 

Enzymes: Enzyme nomenclature and classification. Isozymes, Coenzymes and cofactor, Metalloenzymes, membrane bound enzymes, Multienzyme complexes, Ribozymes, proteases, nucleases. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action, Active site and Specificity of enzyme. Theories on enzyme substrate complex. Free energy of enzyme reactions. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis-Menton, and Lineweaver–Burk equations. Enzyme inhibition –competitive, non – competitive, uncompetitive, mixed and irreversible inhibition. Allosteric regulation in metabolic pathways. Applications of enzymes, enzyme engineering (Protein engineering). Immobilization of enzymes and their application.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
Lipids
 

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids, role as cell membranes. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glycolipids, Steroids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, Cerebrosides, lip amino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane). Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, triglyceridemia, Tay-Sachs disease.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
Lipids
 

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids, role as cell membranes. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glycolipids, Steroids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, Cerebrosides, lip amino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane). Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, triglyceridemia, Tay-Sachs disease.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
Lipids
 

Classification- Structure, properties, reactions and biological functions of lipids, role as cell membranes. Phospholipids, Sphingo and glycolipids, Steroids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, Cerebrosides, lip amino acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane). Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Beta oxidation of Fatty acids: activation, transport to mitochondria, metabolic pathway. Oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, triglyceridemia, Tay-Sachs disease.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:4
Nucleic Acids
 

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides. Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:4
Nucleic Acids
 

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides. Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:4
Nucleic Acids
 

Structure and properties- Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides. Biosynthesis and regulation of purines and pyrimidines, Denovo and Salvage pathways, biodegradation of purines and pyrimidines.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:3
Oxidative Phosphorylation
 

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:3
Oxidative Phosphorylation
 

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:3
Oxidative Phosphorylation
 

Electron transport chain, Electron transfer reactions in mitochondria, Electron carriers, Ubiquinone, Cytochromes, Iron sulfur centers, Methods to determine sequence of electron carriers, Fractionation of Multi enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV of Mitochondria and their inhibitors, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, Chemiosmotic model, Proton gradient, Structure of ATP synthetase, Mechanism of ATP synthesis, Brown fat, Regulation of Oxidative phosphorylation.

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:7
Vitamins and Hormones
 

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as coenzymes. Metabolic Disorders – A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands. Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH, T3, T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid and Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction and Systemic acquired resistance  (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). 

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:7
Vitamins and Hormones
 

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as coenzymes. Metabolic Disorders – A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands. Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH, T3, T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid and Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction and Systemic acquired resistance  (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). 

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:7
Vitamins and Hormones
 

Vitamins: Classification, Chemistry and Biological Functions, Fat and water soluble vitamins. Role in metabolism, Vitamins as coenzymes. Metabolic Disorders – A, B, C, D, K.

Hormones: Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine action. Endocrine glands. Classification of hormones, basic mechanism of hormone action, importance of TSH, T3, T4, Estrogen, Testosterone, HCG, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Progesterone, adrenaline, insulin and glucagon. Hormone imbalance and disorders: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disorder PCOD), Insulin Dependent Diabetes.

Plant Growth regulators: Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, abscisic acid and Brassinosteroids), receptors and signal transduction and Systemic acquired resistance  (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). 

Text Books And Reference Books:

 

  1. Nelson, D. C. and Cox, M.M., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition, W. H. Freeman, 2010.
  2. Voet D., Voet J.G, Biochemistry 4th Edition., John Wiley and Sons, 2011.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. Elliott, W.H., Elliott, D.C. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3rd Indian edition, Pub. Oxford.
  2. Mathews, Van Holde and Ahern, Biochemistry by 3rd edition, Pub Pearson education
  3. Berg J.M., Tymoczko J.L. and Stryer L., Biochemistry. 7th edition, W.H. Freeman and Co. New York, 2011.
  4. Kuchel, P.W., Ralston Schaums, G.B. Outlines of Biochemistry 2nd edition Pub: Tata.
  5. Devlin, T.M. (1997). Biochemistry with clinical correlations, Wiley-Liss Inc. NY
  6. Zubey, G.L. Parson, W.W., Vance, D.E. (1994). Principles of Biochemistry WmC Brown publishers. Oxford.
  7. Edwards and Hassall. Biochemistry and Physiology of the cell 2ndEdn. McGraw Hill Co. UK. Ltd.

 

Evaluation Pattern

CIA: 

  • CIA 1: 10%

  • CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

  • CIA 3: 10%

  • Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

 

  • Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

  • Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

  • Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

  • Question 4- 20  Marks - With internal choice

  • Question 5- 20  Marks - With internal choice

MLIF133 - CELL BIOLOGY (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

This paper has been designed in a standard manner to impart knowledge of the cell and its various attributes among the post graduate students. The topics included in this paper gives not only the basic idea about the subject but also provides in-depth knowledge. Students get an idea about the cellular structures, as well as how these structures are helpful for the cell to communicate with its environment and transduction of various signals, whether intracellular or extra-cellular. Furthermore, students also learn the mechanism of mitotic and meiotic cell division as well as how the cell cycle is regulated. The course structure also fulfils the important criteria regarding the preparation of students for the competitive examinations, for e.g. National Eligibility Test (NET), conducted by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), as well as various other entrance examinations for pursuing doctoral research.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Demonstrate knowledge on basic and advanced cell biology concepts to perform research.

CO2: Evaluate the significance of cellular activities in diseases.

CO3: Understand the concepts of signal transduction processes in cellular response towards external stimuli.

CO4: Examine various microscopic imaging techniques to explore biological processes and structures at cellular level.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
CELLS AND THEIR STUDY
 

Introduction: Discovery of cells, basic properties and classes of cells. Study of cells: Microscopy: Brief overview of Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, Confocal Microscopes, Scanning probe microscope, micrometry. Purification of cells and their parts: cells separation and culture, flow cytometry, fractionation of cell contents.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
CELLS AND THEIR STUDY
 

Introduction: Discovery of cells, basic properties and classes of cells. Study of cells: Microscopy: Brief overview of Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, Confocal Microscopes, Scanning probe microscope, micrometry. Purification of cells and their parts: cells separation and culture, flow cytometry, fractionation of cell contents.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
 

Structure: History of studies on plasma membrane structure, Singer-Nicolson Model, Chemical composition of plasma membrane: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; Dynamic nature of plasma membrane: role of lipids in membrane fluidity, lipid ordered state, lipid disordered state; membrane asymmetry - roles of flippases, floppases and scramblases; diffusion of proteins, restrictions of lipids and proteins mobility: fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP), single-particle tracking, membrane domains and cell polarity.

Functions: Movement of substance across the membrane: Energetics of movement of solute, partition coefficient, Simple diffusion: mechanism, ion channels and types (voltage, ligand and mechano-gated ion channels), Facilitated diffusion (Glucose transport, GLUT proteins) and active transport (Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, P and V-type ATPases, H+/K+ ATPase, ABC transporters); Cotransport(Uniport, Symport and Antiport); Membrane potentials and Nerve impulse: resting potential, action potential and its propagation as an impulse.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
 

Structure: History of studies on plasma membrane structure, Singer-Nicolson Model, Chemical composition of plasma membrane: lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; Dynamic nature of plasma membrane: role of lipids in membrane fluidity, lipid ordered state, lipid disordered state; membrane asymmetry - roles of flippases, floppases and scramblases; diffusion of proteins, restrictions of lipids and proteins mobility: fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP), single-particle tracking, membrane domains and cell polarity.

Functions: Movement of substance across the membrane: Energetics of movement of solute, partition coefficient, Simple diffusion: mechanism, ion channels and types (voltage, ligand and mechano-gated ion channels), Facilitated diffusion (Glucose transport, GLUT proteins) and active transport (Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, P and V-type ATPases, H+/K+ ATPase, ABC transporters); Cotransport(Uniport, Symport and Antiport); Membrane potentials and Nerve impulse: resting potential, action potential and its propagation as an impulse.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF CELL ORGANELLES
 

Cell wall: Primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall; Lysosomes: structure and functions, autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum: structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Signal hypothesis, Golgi complex: structure and function and movement of materials through Golgi apparatus. Structure and function of mitochondria: Structure of mitochondria: mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial matrix; Structure and function of chloroplast, photophosphorylation; carbon dioxide fixation: synthesis of carbohydrates in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Nucleus - structure and function, nuclear pore complex, lamina; Chromosome structure, solenoid model, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes and Glyoxyosmes.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF CELL ORGANELLES
 

Cell wall: Primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall; Lysosomes: structure and functions, autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum: structure and functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Signal hypothesis, Golgi complex: structure and function and movement of materials through Golgi apparatus. Structure and function of mitochondria: Structure of mitochondria: mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial matrix; Structure and function of chloroplast, photophosphorylation; carbon dioxide fixation: synthesis of carbohydrates in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Nucleus - structure and function, nuclear pore complex, lamina; Chromosome structure, solenoid model, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes and Glyoxyosmes.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:5
MICROTECHNIQUES
 

Principles and importance; Whole mount preparation; Types of microscopic slides; Types of microtome; Process: Killing and fixing, Types fixation & fixatives, Dehydration, Microtome sectioning, Stains and staining, Mounting and mountants; Histochemical techniques for starch, protein, lipid and lignin; Specimen preparation for electron microscopy: Material collection, fixing, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:5
MICROTECHNIQUES
 

Principles and importance; Whole mount preparation; Types of microscopic slides; Types of microtome; Process: Killing and fixing, Types fixation & fixatives, Dehydration, Microtome sectioning, Stains and staining, Mounting and mountants; Histochemical techniques for starch, protein, lipid and lignin; Specimen preparation for electron microscopy: Material collection, fixing, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and staining. 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
CYTOSKELETON
 

Study of cytoskeleton:  Live cell fluorescence imaging, in vitro and in vivo single molecule assays; Microtubules: Structure, microtubule associated proteins, properties of microtubules with reference to the structures and functions of cilia and flagella; Intermediate filaments: structure and function; Microfilaments: basic Structure and function with reference to myosin.

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
CYTOSKELETON
 

Study of cytoskeleton:  Live cell fluorescence imaging, in vitro and in vivo single molecule assays; Microtubules: Structure, microtubule associated proteins, properties of microtubules with reference to the structures and functions of cilia and flagella; Intermediate filaments: structure and function; Microfilaments: basic Structure and function with reference to myosin.

 

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:7
CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
 

Extra cellular matrix; Communication between cells and extracellular materials: roles of integrins, focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes; Communication between cells and other cells: roles of selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins, adherens junctions and desmosomes; Tight Junctions; Gap Junctions; Plasmodesmata.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:7
CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
 

Extra cellular matrix; Communication between cells and extracellular materials: roles of integrins, focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes; Communication between cells and other cells: roles of selectins, immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins, adherens junctions and desmosomes; Tight Junctions; Gap Junctions; Plasmodesmata.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:5
CELL SIGNALLING
 

Signaling mediated by G-protein coupled receptors, second messengers, enzyme tyrosine kinase, steroid receptors, role of calcium and NO as intracellular messenger, signaling via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, two-component signaling in plants and bacteria; Quorum sensing.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:5
CELL SIGNALLING
 

Signaling mediated by G-protein coupled receptors, second messengers, enzyme tyrosine kinase, steroid receptors, role of calcium and NO as intracellular messenger, signaling via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, two-component signaling in plants and bacteria; Quorum sensing.

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:8
CELL CYCLE AND CANCER
 

Phases and progression of cell cycle; Control of cell cycle: Major events, cyclin dependent protein kinases (Cdks), suppression of Cdk by Cdk-Inhibirotry Proteins (CdI), dependence of Cdks on transcriptional regulation, biochemical switches in cell cycle, mitogen stimulated cell division: G1-Cdk and G1/S Cdk activities; Apoptosis: role of Caspases, Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways, roles of Bcl2 and IAPs in apoptosis, inhibition of apoptosis by extracellular factors; Necrosis.

Cancer: Benign and Malignant tumors, metastasis, oncogenes (retinoblastoma) and tumor suppressor genes (p53).

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:8
CELL CYCLE AND CANCER
 

Phases and progression of cell cycle; Control of cell cycle: Major events, cyclin dependent protein kinases (Cdks), suppression of Cdk by Cdk-Inhibirotry Proteins (CdI), dependence of Cdks on transcriptional regulation, biochemical switches in cell cycle, mitogen stimulated cell division: G1-Cdk and G1/S Cdk activities; Apoptosis: role of Caspases, Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways, roles of Bcl2 and IAPs in apoptosis, inhibition of apoptosis by extracellular factors; Necrosis.

Cancer: Benign and Malignant tumors, metastasis, oncogenes (retinoblastoma) and tumor suppressor genes (p53).

Text Books And Reference Books:

G. Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 6th ed. USA: Wiley and Sons, 2009.

G. M. Cooper and H. E. Robert, The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 6th ed. USA: S Sinauer Associates Inc., 2013.

B. J. Alberts, B. Alexander, and L. Julian, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed.  New York: Garland Science, 2008.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

P. S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2010.

A. Paul, Text Book of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed. India: Books and Allied (P) Ltd;, 2011.

Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

MLIF134 - GENETICS (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

  • The chapters on genetics make them appreciate the flow of inherited characters from one generation to the other and study about the interaction of different genes in different organisms.
  • The students will also gain knowledge related to quantitative, population and evolutionary genetics, in addition to microbial genetics.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Analyze the concept of genetics involved in trait expression

CO2: Understand the inheritance pattern of genetic disorders

CO3: Examine the sex determination process in life forms

CO4: Evaluate the molecular mechanism involved in changes in the genetic structure of the population and evolution.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
History of Genetics
 

Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epistatic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

 

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
History of Genetics
 

Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epistatic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

 

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
History of Genetics
 

Mendelism – basic principles (brief study). Extensions of Mendelism, Multiple allele, Genetic interaction, Epistatic interactions, Non-Epistatic inter-allelic genetic interactions, Atavism/Reversion, penetrance and expressivity of genes. Nonmendelian inheritance – cytoplasmic inheritance.

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Sex Chromosomes and sex determinationin animals and plants
 

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in male Drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals, Genes involved in sex determination,.Environment and sex determination, Hormonal control of Sex determination

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Sex Chromosomes and sex determinationin animals and plants
 

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in male Drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals, Genes involved in sex determination,.Environment and sex determination, Hormonal control of Sex determination

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Sex Chromosomes and sex determinationin animals and plants
 

Sex Chromosomes and sex determination in animals and plants; Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes: Hyperactivation of X-linked genes in male Drosophila, Inactivation of X-linked genes in female mammals, Genes involved in sex determination,.Environment and sex determination, Hormonal control of Sex determination

 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Linkage and genetic mapping
 

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single crossover, multiple crossover, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Linkage and genetic mapping
 

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single crossover, multiple crossover, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Linkage and genetic mapping
 

Linkage and Crossing over - Stern’s hypothesis, Creighton and McClintock’s experiments, single crossover, multiple crossover, two-point cross, three-point cross, map distances, gene order, interference and co-efficient of coincidence. Haploid mapping (Neurospora), Mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Inheritance of traits in humans
 

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.Heterochromatization in human beings,Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Inheritance of traits in humans
 

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.Heterochromatization in human beings,Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Inheritance of traits in humans
 

Pedigree analysis, determination of human genetic diseases by pedigree analysis, genetic mapping in human pedigrees.Heterochromatization in human beings,Human karyotype, Banding techniques, classification, use of Human Cyto-genetics in Medical science, Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
Quantitative genetics
 

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
Quantitative genetics
 

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:7
Quantitative genetics
 

Polygenic inheritance, Statistics of Quantitative Genetics: Frequency distributions, the mean and the modal class, the variance and the standard deviation, Analysis of quantitative traits: -The multiple factor hypothesis, Partitioning the phenotypic variance; QTL, effect of environmental factors and artificial selection on polygenic inheritance.

 

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:8
Population genetics
 

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:8
Population genetics
 

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:8
Population genetics
 

(a) Gene pool, allele and genotype frequency. Hardy-Weinberg law and its applications, estimation of allele and genotype frequency of dominant genes, codominant genes, sex-linked genes and multiple alleles. Genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism.

(b) Factors that alter allelic frequencies; (i) mutation (ii) genetic drift - bottle neck effect and founder effect (iii) migration (iv) selection (v) nonrandom mating, inbreeding coefficient.

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:8
Speciation and Evolutionary Genetics
 

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; Types of speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Pre-mating and Post mating isolating mechanisms, role of isolation in Speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins. Interaction of Genotype and Environment. 

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:8
Speciation and Evolutionary Genetics
 

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; Types of speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Pre-mating and Post mating isolating mechanisms, role of isolation in Speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins. Interaction of Genotype and Environment. 

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:8
Speciation and Evolutionary Genetics
 

Emergence of evolutionary theory; Genetic Variation in Natural Populations: variation in phenotypes, variation in chromosome structure; Molecular Evolution: Molecules As “Documents of EvolutionaryHistory”, Molecular Phylogenies, Rates of Molecular Evolution, the Molecular Clock, Variation in the Evolution of Protein Sequences, Variation in the Evolution of DNA Sequences, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Mutation And GeneticDrift, Molecular Evolution and Phenotypic Evolution. Species concept; Types of speciation. Mechanism of speciation - Genetic divergences and isolating mechanisms. Patterns of speciation - allopatric, sympatric, quantum and parapatric speciation, Pre-mating and Post mating isolating mechanisms, role of isolation in Speciation, Convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution; Human Evolution: Humans and the Great Apes, Human Evolution in the Fossil Record, DNA Sequence Variation and Human Origins. Interaction of Genotype and Environment. 

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:5
Genetics and disease
 

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Conjugation Systems Other than F, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, Chromosomal aberrations: in oncogenes, Genetics of immune system,Congenital malformations,Invasive Prenatal diagnosis,Genetics and Society

 

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:5
Genetics and disease
 

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Conjugation Systems Other than F, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, Chromosomal aberrations: in oncogenes, Genetics of immune system,Congenital malformations,Invasive Prenatal diagnosis,Genetics and Society

 

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:5
Genetics and disease
 

Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Genetics, Genetic Transformation, Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm, Conjugation Systems Other than F, Genetics of Temperate Bacteriophages, Chromosomal aberrations: in oncogenes, Genetics of immune system,Congenital malformations,Invasive Prenatal diagnosis,Genetics and Society

 

Text Books And Reference Books:

1.      Benjamin Lewin (2000). Genes VII. Oxford university press.

2.      Gardner E J, Simmons M J, Snustad D P (1991). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons Inc.

3.      Snustad D P, Simmons M J (2000). Principles of Genetics (III Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      Strickberger (2005). Genetics (III Edn). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

5.      William S Klug, Michael R Cummings (1994). Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

      1.      Robert J Brooker (2009). Genetics: Analysis and principles (III Edn). McGraw Hill 

2.      Daniel L Hartl, Elizabeth W Jones (2009). Genetics: Analysis of genes and genomes (VII Edn). Jones and Bartlett publishers.

3.      D Peter Snustad, Michael J Simmons (2010). Principles of genetics (V Edn). John Wiley and Sons.

4.      George Ledyard Stebbins (1971). Process of Organic evolution.

5.      Roderic D M Page, Edward C Holmes (1998). Molecular Evolution: A phylogenetic approach.

6.      Blackwell Science Ltd.

7.      MaxtoshiNei, Sudhir Kumar (2000). Molecular Evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press.

8.      Katy Human (2006). Biological evolution: An anthology of current thought. The Rosen publishing group, Inc.

9.      Monroe W Strickberger (1990). Evolution. Jones and Bartlett publishers.

10.  E d w a r d A . B i r g e, Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 5th Ed. Springer

Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

MLIF135 - MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGISTS (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:30
No of Lecture Hours/Week:2
Max Marks:50
Credits:2

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

To understand what is meant by concentration, by volume, and by amount, and their interrelationships

Make the students able to convert multiples of one unit to another

To make the students understand that there is a physical limit to the volume of a solution you can pipette, determined by your equipment

Learning Outcome

CO1: After the completion of the course students will be able to handle the mathematical problems.

CO2: Students will be able to use mathematical applications in biological sciences.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:15
Numbers
 

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:15
Numbers
 

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:15
Numbers
 

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages, Amounts, Volumes and Concentrations, Scientific Notation, Conversion of Units.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Functions
 

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Functions
 

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Functions
 

Solving Equations and Evaluating Expressions, Logarithms, Straight-Line and Non-Straight-Line Graphs, Rate of Change

Text Books And Reference Books:

P. C. Foster, Easy Mathematics for Biologists. The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2003.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

P. C. Foster, Easy Mathematics for Biologists. The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2003.

Evaluation Pattern

Countinous Internal Assessment: 50 marks

Assignment - 10 

Mini project - 20 

exam -          20

MLIF136 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:30
No of Lecture Hours/Week:2
Max Marks:50
Credits:2

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

1.      To understand the theoretical basis of conducting research

2.      To design a research

3.      Understanding the importance of the research paper

4.      To impart knowledge regarding the ethics in research

Learning Outcome

CO1: develop overall concept on research and shall be able to conduct research experiments independently

CO2: design and formulate research proposal for the extramural grants

CO3: understand the concept of indexing of scientific journals, books etc

CO4: demonstrate research and review articles writing skills

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
Concepts of Research and Research Formulation
 

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical);

Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
Concepts of Research and Research Formulation
 

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical);

Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:6
Concepts of Research and Research Formulation
 

Need for research, stages of research; Basic concepts of research -Meaning, Objectives, Motivation and Approaches. Types of Research (Descriptive/Analytical, Applied/ Fundamental, Quantitative/Qualitative, Conceptual/ Empirical);

Research formulation -Observation and Facts, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction; Defining and formulating the research problem, Selecting the problem and necessity of defining the problem

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:4
Scientific Documentation
 

Laboratory record, CAS, Good Documentation Practises, Data Integrity

Workbook maintenance, Various funding agencies (National: ICMR, DST DBT etc and International:Humboldt-Forschungsstipendium), Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:4
Scientific Documentation
 

Laboratory record, CAS, Good Documentation Practises, Data Integrity

Workbook maintenance, Various funding agencies (National: ICMR, DST DBT etc and International:Humboldt-Forschungsstipendium), Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:4
Scientific Documentation
 

Laboratory record, CAS, Good Documentation Practises, Data Integrity

Workbook maintenance, Various funding agencies (National: ICMR, DST DBT etc and International:Humboldt-Forschungsstipendium), Project proposal writing, Research report writing (Thesis and dissertations, Research articles, Oral communications); Presentation techniques - Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop, Colloquium, Conference.

 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Research Communication
 

Basic concept and parameters of various Indexing agencies: Scopus and SCImago (SNIP, SJR and CiteScore), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Impact Factor) DOAJ, PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, Indexing types in UGC CARE (two tiers), other indexing agencies (Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, EMBASE etc), InFlibnet and Sodhganga

Concept on Open access, types (Gold & Green)

Types of articles, basic concept on DOI, ISBN, ISSN, ORCID, Crossmark-Crossref, Concept on Volume and Issue

Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review

Original research article; technique of writing, different sections, finding journals (Elsevier® JournalFinder and Springer Journal Suggester)

Basic concepts on Mini review, Short communication, Letter to the Editor. Commentaries, Book Chapter 

Concept on publishing houses: International (e.g. Elsevier, Springer-Nature, Taylor-Francis, Willey Online, Sage etc) and National (CSIR, Indian Academy of Science etc)

Concept on Peer review process

Concept on Predatory Journal, Beall’s List

Concept on Citations and References, Different referencing styles: APA, IEEE, MLA, and Chicago

 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Research Communication
 

Basic concept and parameters of various Indexing agencies: Scopus and SCImago (SNIP, SJR and CiteScore), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Impact Factor) DOAJ, PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, Indexing types in UGC CARE (two tiers), other indexing agencies (Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, EMBASE etc), InFlibnet and Sodhganga

Concept on Open access, types (Gold & Green)

Types of articles, basic concept on DOI, ISBN, ISSN, ORCID, Crossmark-Crossref, Concept on Volume and Issue

Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review

Original research article; technique of writing, different sections, finding journals (Elsevier® JournalFinder and Springer Journal Suggester)

Basic concepts on Mini review, Short communication, Letter to the Editor. Commentaries, Book Chapter 

Concept on publishing houses: International (e.g. Elsevier, Springer-Nature, Taylor-Francis, Willey Online, Sage etc) and National (CSIR, Indian Academy of Science etc)

Concept on Peer review process

Concept on Predatory Journal, Beall’s List

Concept on Citations and References, Different referencing styles: APA, IEEE, MLA, and Chicago

 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Research Communication
 

Basic concept and parameters of various Indexing agencies: Scopus and SCImago (SNIP, SJR and CiteScore), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Impact Factor) DOAJ, PubMed Central (PMC), ScienceDirect, Indexing types in UGC CARE (two tiers), other indexing agencies (Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, EMBASE etc), InFlibnet and Sodhganga

Concept on Open access, types (Gold & Green)

Types of articles, basic concept on DOI, ISBN, ISSN, ORCID, Crossmark-Crossref, Concept on Volume and Issue

Literature review -Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Critical literature review, Identifying gap areas from literature review

Original research article; technique of writing, different sections, finding journals (Elsevier® JournalFinder and Springer Journal Suggester)

Basic concepts on Mini review, Short communication, Letter to the Editor. Commentaries, Book Chapter 

Concept on publishing houses: International (e.g. Elsevier, Springer-Nature, Taylor-Francis, Willey Online, Sage etc) and National (CSIR, Indian Academy of Science etc)

Concept on Peer review process

Concept on Predatory Journal, Beall’s List

Concept on Citations and References, Different referencing styles: APA, IEEE, MLA, and Chicago

 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Information Science and Research Software
 

Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks 

Referencing software (EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero), Processing software (MS Word, MS Excel) Statistical software (Minitab, SPSS- ANOVA, t Test, Regression)

 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Information Science and Research Software
 

Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks 

Referencing software (EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero), Processing software (MS Word, MS Excel) Statistical software (Minitab, SPSS- ANOVA, t Test, Regression)

 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Information Science and Research Software
 

Intellectual Property Rights - Copy right, Designs, Patents, Trademarks 

Referencing software (EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero), Processing software (MS Word, MS Excel) Statistical software (Minitab, SPSS- ANOVA, t Test, Regression)

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:4
Ethics
 

Concept of Plagiarism (UGC guideline)

Animal Welfare Board of India, Committee for the Purpose of Control And Supervision of Experiments on Animals, hazards (symbols and NFPA Hazard Identification System) Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Biodiversity Board (Central and states)

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:4
Ethics
 

Concept of Plagiarism (UGC guideline)

Animal Welfare Board of India, Committee for the Purpose of Control And Supervision of Experiments on Animals, hazards (symbols and NFPA Hazard Identification System) Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Biodiversity Board (Central and states)

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:4
Ethics
 

Concept of Plagiarism (UGC guideline)

Animal Welfare Board of India, Committee for the Purpose of Control And Supervision of Experiments on Animals, hazards (symbols and NFPA Hazard Identification System) Extension: Lab to Field, Extension communication, Extension tools; Bioethics: Laws in India, Working with man and animals, Consent, Biodiversity Board (Central and states)

 

Text Books And Reference Books:

1.  Thomas, C.G., Research Methodology and Scientific Writing. Anne Books Pvt. Ltd. Bengaluru. 2017.

      2.      Dawson, C. Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi. 2002.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1.      Stapleton, P., Yondeowei, A., Mukanyange, J., Houten, H.  Scientific writing for agricultural research scientists – a training reference manual. West Africa Rice Development Association, Hong Kong, 1995.

2.      Ruzin, S.E. Plant micro technique and microscopy. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A., 1999.


 

Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation will be based on 10% CIA 1, 25% CIA 2, 10% CIA 3 and 5% Attendance

MLIF151 - MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LAB (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:120
No of Lecture Hours/Week:8
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 
  • Microbes play a very significant role in the lives of higher organisms.
  • The paper surveys the features of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa in order to make the students understand their biology so as to manipulate them.
  • This course fulfils the basic knowledge in microbiology for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs. 

Learning Outcome

CO1: To isolate microbes and grow pure cultures to study them.

CO2: To perform assay of various biomolecules

CO3: To formulate hypotheses, collect and analyze data, and present results in the standard format of scientific records

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:60
Microbiology Practical
 

1.Safety rules, instrumentation and media preparation-- Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose Agar, differential media etc.

2.Staining techniques: Simple, Differential: acid-fast, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic inclusion, vital stains: flagella, spore and nuclear staining.

3.Antimicrobial susceptibility tests- a. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and Dilution sensitivity test-MIC and MBC

4.Isolation and culture of Rhizobium and production of biofertilizer

5.Biochemical tests Catalase, oxidase, IMViC

6. Test for bacterial motility - Hanging drop test and tube test

7. Hydrolysis test - Starch hydrolysis, Protein hydrolysis test,  Gelatin hydrolysis test, urease, nitrate reduction

8. Fermentation test - Acid and gas from glucose, carbohydrate fermentation test, oxidative fermentative test

9.Isolation of fungi from soil: Dilution plate method, Warcup method, stamping method.

10. Observation of fungi using LCB staining method.

11. Screening for antibiotic producing microbes (antibacterial, antifungal)

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:60
Microbiology Practical
 

1.Safety rules, instrumentation and media preparation-- Nutrient agar, Potato dextrose Agar, differential media etc.

2.Staining techniques: Simple, Differential: acid-fast, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic inclusion, vital stains: flagella, spore and nuclear staining.

3.Antimicrobial susceptibility tests- a. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and Dilution sensitivity test-MIC and MBC

4.Isolation and culture of Rhizobium and production of biofertilizer

5.Biochemical tests Catalase, oxidase, IMViC

6. Test for bacterial motility - Hanging drop test and tube test

7. Hydrolysis test - Starch hydrolysis, Protein hydrolysis test,  Gelatin hydrolysis test, urease, nitrate reduction

8. Fermentation test - Acid and gas from glucose, carbohydrate fermentation test, oxidative fermentative test

9.Isolation of fungi from soil: Dilution plate method, Warcup method, stamping method.

10. Observation of fungi using LCB staining method.

11. Screening for antibiotic producing microbes (antibacterial, antifungal)

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:60
Biochemistry Practical
 

1.            Laboratory safety guidelines

2.            Preparation of solutions

3.            Preparation of buffers applying HH equation

4.            Validation of Beer-Lambert’s Law (colorimeter and spectrophotometer)

5.            Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates

6.            Estimation of reducing sugars by Anthrone method

7.            Quantification of protein (Folin Lowry/BCA/ Bradford methods).

8.            Estimation of proteins by Biuret method

9.            Determination of specific activity, Km & Vmax of amylase, 

10.          Determination of optimum pH for enzyme activity

11.          Determination of optimum temperature for enzyme activity

12.          Estimation of serum cholesterol by Zaks method

13.          Estimation of Indole acetic acid by Salkowskis method

14.          Estimation of Ascorbic acid in citrus using 2, 6 dichlorophenol Indophenol.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:60
Biochemistry Practical
 

1.            Laboratory safety guidelines

2.            Preparation of solutions

3.            Preparation of buffers applying HH equation

4.            Validation of Beer-Lambert’s Law (colorimeter and spectrophotometer)

5.            Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates

6.            Estimation of reducing sugars by Anthrone method

7.            Quantification of protein (Folin Lowry/BCA/ Bradford methods).

8.            Estimation of proteins by Biuret method

9.            Determination of specific activity, Km & Vmax of amylase, 

10.          Determination of optimum pH for enzyme activity

11.          Determination of optimum temperature for enzyme activity

12.          Estimation of serum cholesterol by Zaks method

13.          Estimation of Indole acetic acid by Salkowskis method

14.          Estimation of Ascorbic acid in citrus using 2, 6 dichlorophenol Indophenol.

Text Books And Reference Books:

T. R. Johnson and C. L. Case, Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, 10th ed.: San Fransisc: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

S Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Biochemical Methods, 2nd ed. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers Ltd., 1996.

Evaluation Pattern

Performance: 20%

Mid Semester Examination: 20%

Record: 10%

End Semester Examination: 50%

MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LAB (MLIF151)

MAXIMUM MARKS: 100

 

DURATION: 3 + 3 HOURS

 

 

Marks

1

Extract the protein from the given plant/animal sample using Ammonium Sulphate/Organic solvent precipitation method & estimate the amount of protein by Lowry's/Bradford’s method.  

(Extraction - Principle- 2m, Procedure - 2m, Result - 2m   

Estimation - Principle- 2m, Procedure -2m, Result- 10m)

20

2

Estimate the amount of Amino acid/Ascorbic acid/ Cholesterol/carbohydrate in the given unknown sample. (Principle- 2m, Procedure- 2m, Result- 6m)

10

3

Calculate the amount of acid and salt required to make ---------------- ml of ------------- M Phosphate/Citrate buffer of pH ----------- using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

6

4

Perform Gram staining / Endospore Staining of the given culture and interpret the results. (Principle- 2.5 Marks, Materials required - 2 Marks, Procedure- 2.5 Marks, Result - 8 Marks [Quality of smear 2 marks, Microscope adjustment 2 Marks, Shape of the organism 2 Marks, grams reaction 2 marks])

15

5

Perform negative staining method for the given bacterial culture and interpret the result. (Principle-3 Marks, Materials required - 1 Mark, Result- 5 Marks [Quality of smear 1 marks, Microscope adjustment 2 Marks, Shape of the organism 2 Marks])

09

6

Perform Hanging drop technique for the given bacterial culture and report the results. (Result – 6 Marks [Motility 3 Marks, Oxygen requirement 3 Marks] )

06

7

Answer the following logical questions and numerical problems Set A (Microbiology) - 2q, Set B (Biochemistry) - 2q

4q x 3 Marks

12

8

Identify and comment on the given spotters

Set A (Microbiology)-2q, Set B (Biochemistry) - 2q

(Identification – 1 mark; Comments: (3 to 4 points for each spotter)

4q x 3 Marks

12

9

Viva

10 

 

MLIF152 - CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS LAB (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:90
No of Lecture Hours/Week:6
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

The paper imparts practical knowledge on the biology of cells and also on the basic experiments in biochemistry. It deals with detailed microscopic studies of basic cell multiplication processes like mitosis and meiosis. Microscopy techniques are given utmost importance.   Furthermore, knowledge of Genetics will help them to solve various complicated genetic problems.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Perform various techniques in the field of cell biology using microscopes.

CO2: Develop skills to solve various problems related to genetics

CO3: Students shall be able to formulate hypotheses, collect and analyze data, and present results in the standard format of scientific records.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:60
Cell Biology
 

 

  1.  Study of mitotic stages in the root meristematic cells of Allium cepa.  (1 unit)
  2. Study of meiotic stages in the anther of Allium cepa  (1 unit)
  3. Study of Plasmolysis- deplasmolysis using micrometry (2 units)
  4. Study of Barr body in the epithelial cells  (1 unit)
  5. Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast cells. (1 unit)
  6. Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from spinach.   (1 unit)
  7. Estimation of chlorophyll in isolated chloroplasts (1 unit)
  8. Comparative study of chloroplast number and chlorophyll content in different plant families (2 units)
  9. Determination of Mitotic index for the dividing cells of Allium cepa (1 unit)
  10. Permanent slide preparation for mitotic and meiotic stages (1 unit)
  11. TTC assay (1 unit)
  12. Demonstration of photosynthetic (oxygen evolution) rate using oxygraph (1 unit)
  13. Demonstration of respiratory rate (oxygen consumption) using oxygraph (1 unit)
Unit-1
Teaching Hours:60
Cell Biology
 

 

  1.  Study of mitotic stages in the root meristematic cells of Allium cepa.  (1 unit)
  2. Study of meiotic stages in the anther of Allium cepa  (1 unit)
  3. Study of Plasmolysis- deplasmolysis using micrometry (2 units)
  4. Study of Barr body in the epithelial cells  (1 unit)
  5. Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast cells. (1 unit)
  6. Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from spinach.   (1 unit)
  7. Estimation of chlorophyll in isolated chloroplasts (1 unit)
  8. Comparative study of chloroplast number and chlorophyll content in different plant families (2 units)
  9. Determination of Mitotic index for the dividing cells of Allium cepa (1 unit)
  10. Permanent slide preparation for mitotic and meiotic stages (1 unit)
  11. TTC assay (1 unit)
  12. Demonstration of photosynthetic (oxygen evolution) rate using oxygraph (1 unit)
  13. Demonstration of respiratory rate (oxygen consumption) using oxygraph (1 unit)
Unit-2
Teaching Hours:60
Genetics
 

 

  • Genetic Problems in Recombination and Linkage

  • Genetic problems in quantitative genetics

  • Genetic problems in population genetics

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:60
Genetics
 

 

  • Genetic Problems in Recombination and Linkage

  • Genetic problems in quantitative genetics

  • Genetic problems in population genetics

Text Books And Reference Books:

J. E. Celis, Cell Biology: A laboratory Hand Book, 3rded. USA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2006.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

J. E. Celis, Cell Biology: A laboratory Hand Book, 3rded. USA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2006.

Evaluation Pattern

The pattern of CIA Evaluation:

Performance: 20 marks

Analysing the genetic problems using SPSS/Origin/SigmaPlot: 20 marks

Mid Semester Examination: 40 marks

Record: 20 marks

The pattern of  End Semester Practical Examination:

Time: 6 Hours                                                                     Total Marks: 100

1.      Isolation of chloroplast and estimation of chlorophyll content from the given sample                                                                                                (20 marks)

OR

Isolation and enumeration of chloroplast from the given sample

OR

Isolation and enumeration of mitochondria from yeast.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 4 marks; Procedure: 4 marks; Results and discussion: 10 marks)                                   

2.      Preparation of buccal smear for the study of Barr body                   (15 marks)

 

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of mitosis.

 

OR

Prepare temporary squash of the given biological sample and report any two stages of meiosis.

(Introduction: 2 marks; Principle: 3 marks; Procedure: 2 marks; Results and discussion: 8 marks)

3.      Logical Reasoning                                                                 (3 X 3 marks = 9 marks)

4.      Spotters                                                                                (4 X 4 marks = 16 marks)

5.      Viva                                                                                                    (10 marks)

6.      Problems in Genetics                                                                       (30 marks)

  

MLIF231 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

This module aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of the basic concepts of molecular biology. The structural and functional aspects of basic biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and protein and mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene regulation will be dealt with. The course facilitates the students to have a strong understanding of the molecular basis of life and the underlying gen principles

Learning Outcome

CO1: Understand the central dogma of life

CO2: Analyze the structure and function of DNA, RNA and protein.

CO3: Evaluate the flow of genetic information and its regulation in cells.

CO4: Understand the molecular mechanisms involved in transcription and translation and in the expression of genes

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:3
Introduction to Macromolecules and Molecular Biology
 

Nucleic Acids: - DNA and RNA as genetic material and the proof (Griffith Experiment, Avery-McCart McCleod Experiment, Hershey Chase Experiment, Biochemical evidences, Experiments using HRV, TMV), Model organism for studying molecular Biology, Gene structure: Structural organization of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene. Complexity of gene.

 

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:3
Introduction to Macromolecules and Molecular Biology
 

Nucleic Acids: - DNA and RNA as genetic material and the proof (Griffith Experiment, Avery-McCart McCleod Experiment, Hershey Chase Experiment, Biochemical evidences, Experiments using HRV, TMV), Model organism for studying molecular Biology, Gene structure: Structural organization of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene. Complexity of gene.

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:14
DNA Structure, Properties and Replication
 

Watson and Crick model of DNA (Structure of Bases, Nuceosides and nucleotides, Chargaff Rule, Watson and Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, physical measurements of DNA, antiparallel nature), Different forms for DNA (A, B and Z), chemical and spectroscopic properties of DNA (Effect of temperature:- denaturation and renaturation kinetics, Absorption of UV light, density gradient centrifugation, intercalating agents, effects of Acid and Alkali on DNA, solubility of DNA), Cot curve analysis,  DNA supercoiling (negative and positive super coiling), Topoisomerase (Types and mechanisms). Proof for Semi conservative model of replication of DNA (Meselson and Stahl Experiment, Thymidine incorporation Assay), Polarity of DNA replication, Prokaryotic DNA Replication Machinery: Gyrase, helicase, DNA polymerases (types, functions, properties) Origin of replication of DNA, Primer, Growing Fork, Mechanism of DNA replication (initiation, elongation (lagging and leading strand synthesis) and termination. Eukaryotic DNA replication – Multiple origins of replication, Enzymes and proteins involved in replication, End replication problem and its solution (Telomere and telomerases and its significance in replication and involvement in cancer and aging). Models of DNA replication: Theta model and Rolling circle model, D-loop method. Inhibitors of DNA replication.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:14
DNA Structure, Properties and Replication
 

Watson and Crick model of DNA (Structure of Bases, Nuceosides and nucleotides, Chargaff Rule, Watson and Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, physical measurements of DNA, antiparallel nature), Different forms for DNA (A, B and Z), chemical and spectroscopic properties of DNA (Effect of temperature:- denaturation and renaturation kinetics, Absorption of UV light, density gradient centrifugation, intercalating agents, effects of Acid and Alkali on DNA, solubility of DNA), Cot curve analysis,  DNA supercoiling (negative and positive super coiling), Topoisomerase (Types and mechanisms). Proof for Semi conservative model of replication of DNA (Meselson and Stahl Experiment, Thymidine incorporation Assay), Polarity of DNA replication, Prokaryotic DNA Replication Machinery: Gyrase, helicase, DNA polymerases (types, functions, properties) Origin of replication of DNA, Primer, Growing Fork, Mechanism of DNA replication (initiation, elongation (lagging and leading strand synthesis) and termination. Eukaryotic DNA replication – Multiple origins of replication, Enzymes and proteins involved in replication, End replication problem and its solution (Telomere and telomerases and its significance in replication and involvement in cancer and aging). Models of DNA replication: Theta model and Rolling circle model, D-loop method. Inhibitors of DNA replication.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Alteration of Genome in Prokaryotes
 

Mutation: Definition and Types (Point mutation: Substitution, Addition, Deletion; Frame-shift Mutation, Missense and nonsense mutation, forward and reverse mutation, suppression mutation. Somatic and germline mutation, Transition and transversion, Neutral nonsynonymous and synonymous mutation, lethal mutation) causes of mutation: Spontaneous (Wobble base pairing, addition and deletion by DNA looping out, spontaneous chemical changes: oxidative damage, alkylation and deamination) and Induced mutations (UV, base analogues, alkylating, Hydroxylating and deaminating agents. 

 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Alteration of Genome in Prokaryotes
 

Mutation: Definition and Types (Point mutation: Substitution, Addition, Deletion; Frame-shift Mutation, Missense and nonsense mutation, forward and reverse mutation, suppression mutation. Somatic and germline mutation, Transition and transversion, Neutral nonsynonymous and synonymous mutation, lethal mutation) causes of mutation: Spontaneous (Wobble base pairing, addition and deletion by DNA looping out, spontaneous chemical changes: oxidative damage, alkylation and deamination) and Induced mutations (UV, base analogues, alkylating, Hydroxylating and deaminating agents. 

 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
DNA repair and recombination
 

Photoreactivation, Mismatch repair, excision repair (BER and NER), SOS repair and recombination repair, Homologous and non-homologous; Site specific        recombination; Chi sequences in prokaryotes; Gene targeting; Gene disruption; FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination

 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
DNA repair and recombination
 

Photoreactivation, Mismatch repair, excision repair (BER and NER), SOS repair and recombination repair, Homologous and non-homologous; Site specific        recombination; Chi sequences in prokaryotes; Gene targeting; Gene disruption; FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:4
Genome Organization
 

Organization of genomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- concept of Gene, structure of genes, Monocistronic and polycistronic genes, C value paradox, Gene organization and expression in mitochondria and chloroplast, functions. Role of nuclear matrix in chromosome organization and function; Matrix binding proteins; Transposable elements – classes, transposons and mutations.

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:4
Genome Organization
 

Organization of genomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- concept of Gene, structure of genes, Monocistronic and polycistronic genes, C value paradox, Gene organization and expression in mitochondria and chloroplast, functions. Role of nuclear matrix in chromosome organization and function; Matrix binding proteins; Transposable elements – classes, transposons and mutations.

 

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:7
RNA Structure, Function and Synthesis
 

RNA properties, Structure and functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA, hnRNA and siRNA, Ribozymes, RNA polymerases, Transcription – initiation (Structure of promoter, initiation factors, mechanism of initiation), elongation (factors and mechanism) and termination (mechanism and types of termination: rho dependent and rho independent), transcription factors and its importance, Post transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA- polyA tailing, Differential Polyadenylation, splicing, capping.

 

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:7
RNA Structure, Function and Synthesis
 

RNA properties, Structure and functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA, hnRNA and siRNA, Ribozymes, RNA polymerases, Transcription – initiation (Structure of promoter, initiation factors, mechanism of initiation), elongation (factors and mechanism) and termination (mechanism and types of termination: rho dependent and rho independent), transcription factors and its importance, Post transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA- polyA tailing, Differential Polyadenylation, splicing, capping.

 

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:7
Protein Synthesis and Modification
 

Properties of Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis. Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (activation and attachment of amino acid to tRNA, initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain), role of Ribosomes in Protein synthesis, post translational modifications of proteins- (glycosylation, protein folding, acetylation, phosphorylation), polysomes, protein stability, Protein transport and regulation (Hydrolytic enzymes of lysosome), molecular chaperones.

 

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:7
Protein Synthesis and Modification
 

Properties of Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis. Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (activation and attachment of amino acid to tRNA, initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain), role of Ribosomes in Protein synthesis, post translational modifications of proteins- (glycosylation, protein folding, acetylation, phosphorylation), polysomes, protein stability, Protein transport and regulation (Hydrolytic enzymes of lysosome), molecular chaperones.

 

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:6
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 

Operon concept and its advantages, anabolic (trp operon) and catabolic operon (lac operon), Regulation of expression in Eukaryotes- Britten Davidson model, DNA looping transcriptional regulation, RNA interference, DNA (methylation) Ubiquitination, and Histone (acetyl modifications, DNA protein Interactions, Genes that regulate embryogenesis in C. elegant, gene silencing, silencing. DNA methylation and imprinting.

 

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:6
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 

Operon concept and its advantages, anabolic (trp operon) and catabolic operon (lac operon), Regulation of expression in Eukaryotes- Britten Davidson model, DNA looping transcriptional regulation, RNA interference, DNA (methylation) Ubiquitination, and Histone (acetyl modifications, DNA protein Interactions, Genes that regulate embryogenesis in C. elegant, gene silencing, silencing. DNA methylation and imprinting.

 

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. G. M. Malacinski, Freifelder's Essentials of Molecular Biology, 4" ed. New Delhi: Na Publications, 2013.
  2. K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Bio ed.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

      3. B. Lewin. Genes LX. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. H. Lodish, A. Berk, P Matsudaira, C. A. Kaiser, M. Krieger, M. P. Scott, L. Zipursky and J, Dar Molecular Biology of the cell. 5" ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and company, 2008.
  2. D.L. Nelson and M. M. Cox. Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry, 6th ed. USA. W. H. Freeman company. 2013.
  3. D. Voet and J. G. Voet. Biochemistry. 4th ed. USA: Wiley. 2011.
  4. M. L. Srivastava. Bioanalytical Techniques, New Delhi: Narosa Publications. 2011.
  5. J. D. Watson, T. A. Baker,S.P. Bell, A. Gann.M. Levine and R. Losick Molecular biology of gen ed. USA: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2014.
  6. R. M. J. Cotterill Biophysics. An Introduction.New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
  7. B. R. Glick, J. J. Pastemak and C. L. Patten, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and application recombinant DNA. 4"ed. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2010.
Evaluation Pattern

valuation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

MLIF232 - GENETIC ENGINEERING (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

The objective of the course is to impart in depth knowledge about the concepts in genetic engineering - enzymes, biology of cloning vehicles, vector and host considerations, gene libraries, analysis and expression of the cloned gene in host cell and understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to practical applications of genetic engineering tools in academic and industrial research. At the end of the course the student will have detailed knowledge of recombinant DNA technology essential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Gain knowledge about the different tools for making of recombinant DNA

CO2: Create rDNA molecules.

CO3: Evaluate desired clone from the rDNA molecules created.

CO4: Examine the purified protein from the rDNA molecule.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:20
Tools to make rDNA
 

Introduction to rDNA technology, DNA modifying enzymes and its functions (DNA Polymerases, Klenow fragment, Ligase, S1 Nuclease, Mung Bean nuclease, Alkaline Phosphatase, Terminal Transferase, Polynucleotide kinases, Polynucleotide phosphorylase, Calf intestinal alkaline Phosphatases, Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatases, RNase A, RNase H, DNase 1, DNase II, Exonuclease III, Reverse Transcriptase) Restriction modification system, Restriction enzymes – function, classification (Based on recognition and restriction sequence:-type I, II and III; based on buffer salt concentration: - low, medium and high; based on pattern of restriction:-sticky (5’ and 3’) and blunt end cutters, Plasmids (Types, copy number, properties, origin of replication and incompatibility group, plasmid amplification), bacteriophages eg. λ (Life cycle, genome organization, feasibility as a cloning vehicle), Types of Cloning Vectors (structure and general features of General Purpose cloning vectors, Expression vectors, Promotor probe Vectors, shuttle vectors), Examples of cloning vectors (pBR322, pUC series of vectors, λ insertional and replacement vectors), derivatives of phages and plasmids (cosmids, phagemids, phasmids) cloning vectors for large DNA fragments and genomic DNA library YACs, PACs and BACs. Host and vector consideration, Host Organisms and its genotypes- JM 109 & DH5α, Selectable and scorable markers, reporter genes, prokaryotic and eukaryotic markers (lacZ, CAT, Gus, GFP, cre-loxP system, sac B system, npt II gene, luciferase gene, dhfr gene, herbicide resistance gene)

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:20
Tools to make rDNA
 

Introduction to rDNA technology, DNA modifying enzymes and its functions (DNA Polymerases, Klenow fragment, Ligase, S1 Nuclease, Mung Bean nuclease, Alkaline Phosphatase, Terminal Transferase, Polynucleotide kinases, Polynucleotide phosphorylase, Calf intestinal alkaline Phosphatases, Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatases, RNase A, RNase H, DNase 1, DNase II, Exonuclease III, Reverse Transcriptase) Restriction modification system, Restriction enzymes – function, classification (Based on recognition and restriction sequence:-type I, II and III; based on buffer salt concentration: - low, medium and high; based on pattern of restriction:-sticky (5’ and 3’) and blunt end cutters, Plasmids (Types, copy number, properties, origin of replication and incompatibility group, plasmid amplification), bacteriophages eg. λ (Life cycle, genome organization, feasibility as a cloning vehicle), Types of Cloning Vectors (structure and general features of General Purpose cloning vectors, Expression vectors, Promotor probe Vectors, shuttle vectors), Examples of cloning vectors (pBR322, pUC series of vectors, λ insertional and replacement vectors), derivatives of phages and plasmids (cosmids, phagemids, phasmids) cloning vectors for large DNA fragments and genomic DNA library YACs, PACs and BACs. Host and vector consideration, Host Organisms and its genotypes- JM 109 & DH5α, Selectable and scorable markers, reporter genes, prokaryotic and eukaryotic markers (lacZ, CAT, Gus, GFP, cre-loxP system, sac B system, npt II gene, luciferase gene, dhfr gene, herbicide resistance gene)

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Making of rDNA molecules
 

General strategies for isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, RNA, strategies for isolation of gene of interest (restriction digestion, PCR), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Basic principle, methodology, Gradient PCR, Hot start PCR Touchdown PCR, inverse PCR RT PCR, Real time PCR, Creation of r-DNA (Restriction Digestion, modification of vector and insert, linker, adaptors, homopolymer tailing, ligation), PCR Cloning, Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries (Selection of vectors and Complexity of library), Methods of gene transfer- Calcium chloride mediated, Electroporation, Biolistic gun, lipofection and microinjection. In vitro packaging.

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Making of rDNA molecules
 

General strategies for isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, RNA, strategies for isolation of gene of interest (restriction digestion, PCR), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Basic principle, methodology, Gradient PCR, Hot start PCR Touchdown PCR, inverse PCR RT PCR, Real time PCR, Creation of r-DNA (Restriction Digestion, modification of vector and insert, linker, adaptors, homopolymer tailing, ligation), PCR Cloning, Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries (Selection of vectors and Complexity of library), Methods of gene transfer- Calcium chloride mediated, Electroporation, Biolistic gun, lipofection and microinjection. In vitro packaging.

 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Screening and analysis of rDNA molecules
 

Blotting techniques- Southern, Northern and Western, Differential display. Gene sequencing- Chemical, enzymatic, pyrosequencing, next generation sequencing, Immunological screening and colony and plaque hybridization, dot blot hybridization, chromosome walking, FISH, RACE, Chromosome walking

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Screening and analysis of rDNA molecules
 

Blotting techniques- Southern, Northern and Western, Differential display. Gene sequencing- Chemical, enzymatic, pyrosequencing, next generation sequencing, Immunological screening and colony and plaque hybridization, dot blot hybridization, chromosome walking, FISH, RACE, Chromosome walking

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Expression & control of Genes
 

Protein production by foreign DNA in the host bacteria E. coli, Factors influencing expression, properties of expression vector, examples of expression vectors, tags for purification of expressed proteins, FLAG expression vector system, cloning in pET vectors, eukaryotic vectors- Baculovirus based vectors, mammalian viral vectors., expression Host, Modification and folding of protein in-vitro, genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9 and Targeted Genome Editing

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Expression & control of Genes
 

Protein production by foreign DNA in the host bacteria E. coli, Factors influencing expression, properties of expression vector, examples of expression vectors, tags for purification of expressed proteins, FLAG expression vector system, cloning in pET vectors, eukaryotic vectors- Baculovirus based vectors, mammalian viral vectors., expression Host, Modification and folding of protein in-vitro, genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9 and Targeted Genome Editing

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:10
Applications of r-DNA Technology
 

RNA interference and gene silencing, Transgenic organisms, Advantages and disadvantages of Genetically Modified Organisms, Transgenic animal- Gene therapy. The Use of Transgenic animals in areas other than recombinant protein production. Transgenic plants- applications, special emphasis to pharmaceutical products. Engineered Nutritional Changes- golden rice, Engineered herbicide resistance, Engineered pesticide resistance. Production of recombinant proteins (Insulin), recombinant vaccines (Hepatitis B), Hormones (Human growth hormone). Genome projects and its Applications. International treaties/agreements in biosafety, public perception on rDNA technology, IPR related to rDNA technology

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:10
Applications of r-DNA Technology
 

RNA interference and gene silencing, Transgenic organisms, Advantages and disadvantages of Genetically Modified Organisms, Transgenic animal- Gene therapy. The Use of Transgenic animals in areas other than recombinant protein production. Transgenic plants- applications, special emphasis to pharmaceutical products. Engineered Nutritional Changes- golden rice, Engineered herbicide resistance, Engineered pesticide resistance. Production of recombinant proteins (Insulin), recombinant vaccines (Hepatitis B), Hormones (Human growth hormone). Genome projects and its Applications. International treaties/agreements in biosafety, public perception on rDNA technology, IPR related to rDNA technology

Text Books And Reference Books:

1.     M. L. Srivastava, Bioanalytical Techniques, New Delhi: Narosa Publications, 2011.

2.     E. L. Winnacker, From Genes to Clones Introduction to Gene Technology, New Delhi, India: Panima Publishing Corporation, 2003.

3.     T. A. Brown, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis-An Introduction. 5th ed. UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishers. 2006.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1.     Alkami Quick Guide for PCR A laboratory reference for the Polymerase Chain Reaction, USA. Alkami Biosystems Inc., 1999.

2.     B. R. Glick. J. J. Pasternak and C. L. Patten. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and application of recombinant DNA. 4th ed. Washington D. C: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2010.

3.     S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th ed. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001

4.     K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

5.     J.  W.  Dale, M. von Schantz and N. Plant, From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012

Evaluation Pattern

valuation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

MLIF233 - ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND BIOINFORMATICS FOR LIFE SCIENCES (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

  • Analytical tools are becoming very important tools in different fields of Biology.
  • The paper deals with the principle, instrumentation and uses of such tools. 
  • This course fulfils the basic knowledge in analytical techniques for those students who wish to pursue career in allied health fields and other technical programs.

Learning Outcome

CO1: understand the applications of analytical techniques routinely used in the plant and animal science domains

CO2: create advanced knowledge on the latest bioanalytical tools

CO3: develop working knowledge on bioinformatics software and databases

CO4: understand and design the experiments as per industrial requirements

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:25
Biological Extraction and Separation Techniques
 

Classes of Phytochemicals, Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized liquid extraction and Solid Phase Micro Extraction). Type and choice of solvents (Polar and Non polar). Breaking of cells by chemical (detergent, solvent and enzyme) and physical methods (mechanical and non-mechanical), ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins, Ammonium sulphate precipitation

Concept on Chromatography (Column, Planar, Mobile phase and Stationary phase, Column packing and quality check, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, HPLC, Stationary Phases-Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion, Gas Chromatography, Applications)

Concept on Centrifugation (Differential and Density gradient, types of rotors, Analytical Ultra Centrifuge, Applications)

Concept on Electrophoresis (DNA, RNA and Protein gel electrophoresis, EMSA)

 

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:25
Biological Extraction and Separation Techniques
 

Classes of Phytochemicals, Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized liquid extraction and Solid Phase Micro Extraction). Type and choice of solvents (Polar and Non polar). Breaking of cells by chemical (detergent, solvent and enzyme) and physical methods (mechanical and non-mechanical), ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins, Ammonium sulphate precipitation

Concept on Chromatography (Column, Planar, Mobile phase and Stationary phase, Column packing and quality check, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, HPLC, Stationary Phases-Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion, Gas Chromatography, Applications)

Concept on Centrifugation (Differential and Density gradient, types of rotors, Analytical Ultra Centrifuge, Applications)

Concept on Electrophoresis (DNA, RNA and Protein gel electrophoresis, EMSA)

 

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:25
Biological Extraction and Separation Techniques
 

Classes of Phytochemicals, Preparation of extracts for biochemical investigations, methods of extraction of phytochemicals (Maceration, Soxhlet, Microwave assisted, Ultrasonic, Pressurized liquid extraction and Solid Phase Micro Extraction). Type and choice of solvents (Polar and Non polar). Breaking of cells by chemical (detergent, solvent and enzyme) and physical methods (mechanical and non-mechanical), ultrasonication, pressure cell disintegrators, detection of cell-free and cell-bound proteins, Ammonium sulphate precipitation

Concept on Chromatography (Column, Planar, Mobile phase and Stationary phase, Column packing and quality check, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, HPLC, Stationary Phases-Reverse Phase, Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion, Gas Chromatography, Applications)

Concept on Centrifugation (Differential and Density gradient, types of rotors, Analytical Ultra Centrifuge, Applications)

Concept on Electrophoresis (DNA, RNA and Protein gel electrophoresis, EMSA)

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Spectrometry Techniques
 

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, S, X ray crystallography.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Spectrometry Techniques
 

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, S, X ray crystallography.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Spectrometry Techniques
 

Spectroscopy: Absorption and emission spectra. Electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescence and phosphorescence, Beer- Lambert’s law, principle, operation and applications of Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Concept of Stoke’s shift- hypochromicity, hyperchromicity, fluorimeter, flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. IR, Mass spectroscopy and NMR, ICP-MS, S, X ray crystallography.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Detection Methods
 

Radioisotope techniques: Nature of radioactivity, isotopes in biochemistry, measurement of radioactivity (carbon dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting). Detection of proteins (Western Blot and ELISA)

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Detection Methods
 

Radioisotope techniques: Nature of radioactivity, isotopes in biochemistry, measurement of radioactivity (carbon dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting). Detection of proteins (Western Blot and ELISA)

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Detection Methods
 

Radioisotope techniques: Nature of radioactivity, isotopes in biochemistry, measurement of radioactivity (carbon dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting). Detection of proteins (Western Blot and ELISA)

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Bioinformatics
 

Basic Concept and applications, Concept on databases (NCBI databases, EBI databases, KEGG, DDBJ, DrugBank, IMPPAT, Dr. Duke etc), Multiple Sequence Alignment, Construction of phylogenetic trees (basic concept with different methods like UPGMA), Next generation sequencing (basic concept), Computer Assisted Drug Design (Basic concept on Molecular docking, QSAR, ADME analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulation), Overview on Rice and Human Genome Project

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Bioinformatics
 

Basic Concept and applications, Concept on databases (NCBI databases, EBI databases, KEGG, DDBJ, DrugBank, IMPPAT, Dr. Duke etc), Multiple Sequence Alignment, Construction of phylogenetic trees (basic concept with different methods like UPGMA), Next generation sequencing (basic concept), Computer Assisted Drug Design (Basic concept on Molecular docking, QSAR, ADME analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulation), Overview on Rice and Human Genome Project

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Bioinformatics
 

Basic Concept and applications, Concept on databases (NCBI databases, EBI databases, KEGG, DDBJ, DrugBank, IMPPAT, Dr. Duke etc), Multiple Sequence Alignment, Construction of phylogenetic trees (basic concept with different methods like UPGMA), Next generation sequencing (basic concept), Computer Assisted Drug Design (Basic concept on Molecular docking, QSAR, ADME analysis and Molecular Dynamic simulation), Overview on Rice and Human Genome Project

Text Books And Reference Books:

T. Attwood and P. Smith. Introduction to Bioinformatics, USA: Pearson Education, 2007.

Brown TA. Genome III. Garland Science Publ.2007

Azuaje F &Dopazo J. Data Analysis and Visualization in Genomics and Proteomics. John Wiley & Sons.2005

K. Wilson and J. Walker,Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th ed.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

S. B. Primrose and R. Twyman R. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics. USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2013.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

Gibson G & Muse SV. 2004. A Primer of Genome Science. Sinauer

Associates.

W. Taylor and D. Higgins. Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks: A    Practical Approach, Oxford, 2000.

Jollès P &Jörnvall H. 2000. Proteomics in Functional Genomics: Protein

Structure Analysis.

Campbell AM &Heyer L. 2004. Discovery Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Pearson Education.

Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

MLIF235 - BIOSTATISTICS (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

Students will also gain knowledge about the involvement of statistics in research.

Learning Outcome

CO1: understand the different types of plots and graphs and to identify the design of a study and explain how this impacts interpretation

CO2: calculate and correctly interpret probability data from a sampling distribution.

CO3: understand and apply hypothesis tests for a single mean and a single proportion as well as for two means (independent and paired/matched samples), and understand chi-squared test and ANOVA.

CO4: distinguish between correlation, linear and multiple regression, and logistic regression, and to understand the purpose and methods of linear (simple and multiple) and logistic regression, including when to use each of them.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Introduction
 

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Introduction
 

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Introduction
 

The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational studies and Experimental studies (uncontrolled studies, trials with external controls, crossover studies, trials with self-controls, trials with independent concurrent controls); Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs, Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots, Principle component analysis.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Probability
 

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Probability
 

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
Probability
 

Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent events and multiplication rule. Sampling: Reasons for sampling, methods of sampling, SRS, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster, NPS. Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, Standard normal distribution. Drawing inferences from data: Tests of significance: Statistical inference – estimation - testing of hypothesis - t-test, Chi square test (goodness of fit, independence or association, detection of linkages), Z-test, Confidence intervals, Confidence limits, Hypothesis tests, Types of errors, P-values.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:15
Estimating and comparing means:
 

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:15
Estimating and comparing means:
 

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:15
Estimating and comparing means:
 

Decision about single mean (normal population and non-normal population), decision about single group, decision about paired groups, decision about two independent groups, equality of population variances, computer-aided illustration for comparison of means; Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two-way, A-priori comparison, Posterior or Post Hoc comparison. Statistical methods for multiple variables: Multiple regression, predicting with more than 1 variable, Statistical test for regression coefficient, Role of R and R2 in multiple regression, Confounding variable (ANACOVA), predicting categorical outcomes – logistic regression, discriminant analysis.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:5
Correlation and Regression
 

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:5
Correlation and Regression
 

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:5
Correlation and Regression
 

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rho, Linear regression, Least Square method, predicting with regression equation, comparing two regression lines, dealing with nonlinear observation, Common errors in regression, Comparing correlation and regression.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:3
Introduction to statistical software
 

Enter data in excel and SPSS, Analyze data using excel and SPSS, Conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS, Interpret the results obtained in the SPSS output.

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:3
Introduction to statistical software
 

Enter data in excel and SPSS, Analyze data using excel and SPSS, Conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS, Interpret the results obtained in the SPSS output.

 

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:3
Introduction to statistical software
 

Enter data in excel and SPSS, Analyze data using excel and SPSS, Conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS, Interpret the results obtained in the SPSS output.

 

Text Books And Reference Books:

V. B. Rastogi, Biostatistics, New Delhi: Medtec, Scientific International, Pvt. Ltd., 2015.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

W. W. Daniel and C. L. Cross, USA: Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, 10th ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012.

Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation will be done on the basis of CIA1 (10%), CIA2 [Mid Semester Examination] (25%), CIA3 (10%), Attendance (5%) and End Semester Examination (50%).

CIA1: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

CIA2: MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION for 50 marks

CIA3: Assignment/test/poster preparation/review writing etc. for 20 marks

Attendance in class: 10 marks

END SEMSTER EXAMINATION: Consist of 2 sections. Section A consist of 10 questions carrying 5 marks each out of which students need to attempt 8 questions (8 X 5marks = 40 marks). Section B consists of 7 questions, carrying 12 marks each, out of which students need to attempt 5 questions (5 X 12 marks = 60 marks).

MLIF236 - DATA ANALYSIS USING THE SOFTWARE SPSS (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:30
No of Lecture Hours/Week:2
Max Marks:50
Credits:2

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

This course introduces students to the scientific approach to data analysis. Weekly classes and tutorials are geared toward helping the students gain a basic understanding of experiments. In the lectures, students learn about the fundamentals of quantitative research and are accustomed to strategies for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference. Each lecture is followed by a computer lab session, where students put their knowledge to practice, and perform tasks that revolve around visualizing data, and conducting statistical analyses.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students' familiarity with the toolbox of statistical software.

CO2: Capacitating students in analysing complex information with the help of statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

CO3: A strong theoretical and empirical foundation in statistical analysis.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:4
Introduction to SPSS
 

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:4
Introduction to SPSS
 

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:4
Introduction to SPSS
 

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:4
Introduction to SPSS
 

SPSS: data editor, output viewer, syntax editor – Data view window – SPSS Syntax – Data creation – Importing data – Variable types in SPSS and Defining variables – Creating a Codebook in SPSS.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:6
Working with Data
 

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:6
Working with Data
 

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:6
Working with Data
 

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:6
Working with Data
 

Computing Variables - Recoding (Transforming) Variables: Recoding Categorical String Variables using Automatic Recode - Rank Cases - Sorting Data - Grouping or Splitting Data.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Exploring Data
 

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Exploring Data
 

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Exploring Data
 

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
Exploring Data
 

Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables - The Explore procedure - Frequencies Procedure – Descriptive - Compare Means - Frequencies for Categorical Data.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Analysing Data
 

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Analysing Data
 

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Analysing Data
 

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Analysing Data
 

Inferential Statistics for Association: Pearson Correlation, Chi-square Test of Independence – Inferential Statistics for Comparing Means: One-Sample t Test, Paired Samples T Test, Independent Samples T Test, One-Way ANOVA.

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. IBM 2016, IBM Knowledge Center: SPSS Statistics, IBM, viewed 18 May 2016,

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSLVMB/ welcome/

2. How To Use SPSS ® A Step-By-Step Guide to Analysis and Interpretation, Brian C. Cronk, Tenth edition published in 2018 by Routledge.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. SPSS for Intermediate Statistics: Use and Interpretation, Nancy L. Leech et. al., Second edition published in 2005 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

2. Using IBM SPSS statistics for research methods and social science statistics, William E. Wagner, Fifth edition published in 2015 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

Evaluation Pattern

Mid Semester Examination: 50 marks 

End Semester Examination: 50 marks 

Total: 100 marks

MZOO231 - ANIMAL PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

To gain understanding and appreciation of animal diversity, their phylogeny and the recent progress in the field and to understand the general concepts of evolution of animal

development, morphology, genomes, natural selection, and speciation and other characters.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Describe the general taxonomic rules on animal classification

CO2: Compare the relationships within the modern phylogenetic tree that have been discovered as a result of modern molecular data.

CO3: Illustrate the metazoan phylogenetic tree

CO4: Examine the theories of Evolution and assess the eras and evolution of species

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:12
Animal Phylogeny
 

General outline of classification of living organisms. kingdom level classification; broad outline diversity of animal kingdom; Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics taxonomy and classification, Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters, Subspecies, Trends in biosystematics: Chemotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy, Neotaxonomy and molecular taxonomy, Procedures in Taxonomy: Taxonomic procedure, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), Biodiversity at global, national levels. Biogeographic classification of India, India as a mega diversity nation. Catalog species diversity.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
Basics of classification
 

Animal organization: Parazoa and eumetazoa, Cellular, tissue and organ grade, symmetry, metamerism, acoelomate,pseudocoelomate & eucoelomate, protostomia and deuterostomia, phenology. Systematics of invertebrates and vertebrates: Classification, Characters; Molecular phylogeny, DNA Barcoding; Cladogenesis and anagenesis, molecular divergence and molecular clocks and molecular drive; complication in inferring phylogenetic trees; Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity: Jawless Vertebrates, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals. Type study: Cockroach and Frog.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:12
Evolutionary theories
 

Concepts and theories of organic evolution: Pre Darwinian concepts, Darwinism and its impact in the development of synthetic theory. Neo-darwinism, Modern synthetic theory of evolution, Evidences of evolution-fossil records, comparative biology,biogeography, evolution in action, Population genetics, Components of population genetics, Mendelian population, gene pool, allele frequencies and genotype frequencies, Models depicting Hardy Weinberg law, Destabilizing forces of evolutionary equilibrium (Mutation, Migration, Selection, Meiotic drive and genetic drift). Adaptive radiation; Isolating mechanisms-Geographical, Biological (Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic mechanisms). Speciation (Allopatric, peripatric, parapatric and sympatric) with examples. 

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:12
Social interaction and Cooperation
 

Evolution of Social interaction and Cooperation-Mutualism, altruism, selfishness and spite; Hamilton’s Rule, Kin selection, Sexual selection, Group selection, Conflict and cooperation: Conflict among mates, Parent – offspring conflict, mating systems-monogamy, polygamy (polygyny, polyandry, and polygynandry) and promiscuity, Eusocial animals, The Evolution of Enemies and Victims-Red queen hypothesis,  Aposematism and mimicry-Batesian mimicry, Müllerian mimicry, The Evolution of Competitive Interactions, Evolution and Community Structure

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:12
Population structure and growth
 

Population and structure, Population growth: Density dependent and independent, Survivorship, life history strategies (r and K selection), Competitions among species: Intraspecific and Interspecific, Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition model, Island communities and colonization. The history of life: Geological time scale and species evolution; Mass extinction, evolutionary tree. The Uses and Implications of Evolutionary Science.

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Kotpal, R.L. and N.P. Bali, 1986. Concepts of Ecology, Vishal Publications, Delhi – 7, 264 pp.

2. RastogiV.B. and M.S. Jayaraj, 1988-89. Animal Ecology and distribution of animals, KedarNath Ram Nath, Meerut – 250 001, 429 pp.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. Clarke, G.L., 1954. Elementa of Ecology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, London, 534 pp.

2. Mayr, Ernst, 1973 – Animal species and Evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge.

3. Dobzansky, T. 1976 – Genetics and the origin of species. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

4. Savage, J.M. 1976 – Evolution. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

5. Elic. Minkoff, 1983 – Evolutionary Biology, Addison Wesley.

6. Leninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 1993 – principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.

Evaluation Pattern

Internal Assessment: CIA 1 (Assignment/ Quiz/ Model making - 20 marks); CIA 2 (MSE - 50 marks) and CIA 3 (Assignment/ Quiz/ Model making - 20 marks) - Total 90 marks

External Assessment: End semester exam (100 marks)

 

MZOO251 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, ANIMAL PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION LAB (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:90
No of Lecture Hours/Week:6
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

To understand the principle behind various techniques in molecular biology, bioinformatics and application of these tools in animal diversity and evolution. 

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students will be able to learn various techniques in molecular biology like DNA and RNA isolation, purification, estimation etc.

CO2: Students will be able to have in-depth understanding on various advanced analytical techniques like docking, constructing dendogram, tools (BLAST, FASTA) etc. and Plant Biotechnology like aseptic handling of plant materials, culture of callus, protoplasts etc. materials, culture of callus, protoplasts etc.

CO3: Students will be able to formulate hypotheses, collect and analyze data, and present results in the standard format of scientific records

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:45
Molecular Biology
 

1. Genomic DNA isolation from animal liver

2. Genomic DNA isolation from bacteria

3. Genomic DNA isolation from cauliflower

4. DNA estimation by DPA method

5. RNA estimation by Orcinol method

6. Estimation and purity checking of DNA and RNA by spectrophotometry

7. Isolation of DNA from yeast by microwave method and boiling assisted method

8. RNA isolation from Baker's yeast

9. Screening of auxotrophic mutants

10. Bacteriophage assay

11. Physical Mutagenesis

12. Ames test

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:45
Animal phylogeny and evolution
 

1. Collection and Identification of Invertebrate and Vertebrate (pictures and dead specimens)

2. Museum specimens:  Invertebrate: Porifera, Coelenterate, Helminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda

3. Museum specimens: Invertebrate: Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata

4. Museum specimens: Vertebrata: Pisces, Amphibia, Reptiles, Aves and Mammalia

5. Types of fossil evidence

6. Biodiversity assessment, Measuring species diversity of different habitat;

7. Study of the skull of vertebrates - Varanus, Crocodile, Bird, Dog, Rabbit/ Rat

8. Types of scales in pisces

9. Diversity Parameters for comparative study of habitats

10. Study of serial homology, atavism and vestigial organs

11. Study of analogous and homologous organs

12. Field visit

13. Study of evolution of human/ horse

14. Demonstration: Cockroach dissection of all system; Frog dissection (pictures/ video) of all system

 

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Kotpal, R.L. and N.P. Bali, 1986. Concepts of Ecology, Vishal Publications, Delhi – 7, 264 pp.

2. RastogiV.B. and M.S. Jayaraj, 1988-89. Animal Ecology and distribution of animals, KedarNath Ram Nath, Meerut – 250 001, 429 pp.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

3. Clarke, G.L., 1954. Elemental of Ecology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, London, 534 pp.

4. Mayr, Ernst, 1973 – Animal species and Evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge.

5. Dobzansky, T. 1976 – Genetics and the origin of species. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

6. Savage, J.M. 1976 – Evolution. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

7. Elic. Minkoff, 1983 – Evolutionary Biology, Addison Wesley.

8. Leninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. 1993 – principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.

9. H. Lodish, A. Berk, P Matsudaira, C. A. Kaiser, M. Krieger, M. P. Scott, L. Zipursky and J, Dar Molecular Biology of the cell. 5" ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and company, 2008.

10. D.L. Nelson and M. M. Cox. Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry, 6th ed. USA. W. H. Freeman company. 2013.

11. D. Voet and J. G. Voet. Biochemistry. 4th ed. USA: Wiley. 2011.

12. M. L. Srivastava. Bioanalytical Techniques, New Delhi: Narosa Publications. 2011.

13. J. D. Watson, T. A. Baker,S.P. Bell, A. Gann.M. Levine and R. Losick Molecular biology of gen ed. USA: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2014.

14. R. M. J. Cotterill Biophysics. An Introduction.New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

15. B. R. Glick, J. J. Pastemak and C. L. Patten, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and application recombinant DNA. 4"ed. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2010.

Evaluation Pattern

 

Molecular Biology:

1. Isolation of DNA from the provided samples- (Plant/Animal/Bacteria). (Principle - 3

marks, Materials and Methods (2+3 - 5 marks, Result - 7 marks) 15 marks 

2. Colorimetric estimation of Nucleic acid- DNA/RNA. (Principle - 4 m, Materials and

Methods (2+2-4 marks); Results and calculations - 12 m) 20 marks

3. i) Identify the spotters and comment on them. (5 x 2 =10 marks)

4. ii) Logical reasoning (2*2.5 = 5 marks)

 

Animal Phylogeny and Evolution:

1. Identify, Classify and comment with a neat labelled diagram of E,F,G,H (4 x 5

marks) 20 marks

2. Identify and comment on evolutionary significance of I and J (2 x 5 marks) 10 marks

3. Identify K and comment on its phylogenetic position (1 x 5 marks) 5 marks

4. Calculate the Biodiversity index using given data (1 x 5 marks) 5 marks

5. Dissect, display and draw the mouth parts/appendages of the given specimen (1 x 10 marks)

 

CIA:

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (60 marks)

● Record: 10%

CIA total: 100 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

Total marks (CIA+ESE)= 100 marks (50+50 marks)

MZOO252 - GENETIC ENGINEERING ,ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND BIOINFORMATICS LAB (2024 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:90
No of Lecture Hours/Week:6
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

The aim of this course is to provide an introduction to recombinant DNA technology. It helps the students to understand how the principles of molecular biology have been used to develop techniques in recombinant DNA technology. The objective of the course is to familiarize the student with the basic concepts in genetic engineering - enzymes, cloning vehicles, gene libraries, analysis and expression of the cloned gene in host cell and understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to practical applications of genetic engineering tools in the field of health care. At the end of the course the student will have enough background of recombinant DNA technology essential for taking up projects in the field of Biotechnology.

Learning Outcome

CO1: learn the hands on knowledge on genetic engineering and bioanalytical techniques

CO2: obtain practical knowledge on the applications of recombinant DNA technology

CO3: formulate hypotheses, collect and analyze data, and present results in the standard format of scientific records

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:60
Genetic Engineering
 

 

  1. Isolation of DNA from plants by CTAB method

  2. Plasmid DNA isolation by alkaline lysis method

  3. DNA isolation from samples using commercial kits

  4. Agarose gel electrophoresis

  5. Restriction digestion of DNA

  6. Ligation of DNA

  7. Competent cell preparation

  8. Transformation of E.coli 

  9. Polymerase Chain reaction

  10. Primer design

  11. Gel-band purification of DNA

  12. Southern Blotting and Hybridization

  13. Study of star activity of restriction Enzyme

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:60
Analytical Techniques and Bioinformatics
 

 

  1. Thin Layer Chromatography of amino acids

  2. Estimation of amino acid by Ninhydrin Method

  3. Extraction of phytochemicals using Soxhlet apparatus and thin layer chromatography using commercial silica plate

  4. Quantitative sugar estimation by Benedict’s Assay

  5. Column Chromatography

  6. Purification of phytochemicals and HPLC analysis

  7. Demonstration of chromatography kit

  8. Native PAGE and Zymography

  9. Density Gradient Centrifugation (Separation of lymphocytes from blood) and haemocytometer count

  10. Partial purification by Ammonium sulfate precipitation and estimation of protein

  11. Databases: ENTREZ, NCBI, UniProt, PDB, EXPASY, BLAST

  12. Molecular Docking (Rasmol, Avogadro, Docking software)

  13. Multiple sequence alignment andConstruction of Dendrogram

Text Books And Reference Books:

1.     B. R. Glick. J. J. Pasternak and C. L. Patten. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and application of recombinant DNA. 4th ed. Washington D. C: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2010.

2.     S. B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman and R. W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th ed. USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1.     K. Wilson and J. Walker, Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

2.     J.  W.  Dale, M. von Schantz and N. Plant, From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012

Evaluation Pattern

GENETIC ENGINEERING (45 marks)

1. Isolate genomic DNA from the given plant tissue using CTAB and separate it on

agarose gel. (Principle – 2+2m, Procedure – 2+2 m, Materials required - 1+1

Marks, Result- 6m) (16 marks)

2. Design PCR primers for amplifying the coding region of the given gene using Primer

3 software and provide the following information. (15 Marks)

a. Gene length, coordinates on genome and number of amino acids. (3 Marks)

b. Sequence of forward and reverse primers. (3 Marks)

c. Melting temperature for both. (3 Marks)

d. Amplicon size. (1 Mark)

e. Design a PCR program with the primer that is designed by you. (5 Marks)

3. Identify the following spotters and comment on them. (Identification 1 Mark, Comment 2 Marks) (3*3 Marks=9 Marks)

4. Logical Reasoning (4X2.5 Marks=10 Marks)

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND BIOINFORMATICS (45 marks)

 

5. Perform the experiment: amino acid estimation by Ninhydrin method OR Estimation of protein

by Lowry’s method OR Estimation of sugar by Benedict’s method OR Separation of amino acids

by TLC method OR Isolation of lymphocytes by density gradient method….15 marks

(Principle: 3 marks,Materials: 2 marks; Procedure: 2 marks; Experimentation and Calculation: 8 marks)

6. Perform BLAST from the given sequence OR Execute command of RASWIN for given protein

structure OR Molecular docking by given protein and ligand structures OR Multiple sequence

alignment and construct phylogenetic tree. 10 marks

(Procedure: 4 marks; Experimentation: 6 marks)

7. Identify and comment (3 X 4 marks=12 marks) (Identification 1 Mark, Comment 3 Marks)

8. Logical questions (2X 4 marks=8 marks)

 9. VIVA (10 marks)

 

CIA:

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (60 marks)

● Record: 10%

CIA total: 100 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

Total marks (CIA+ESE)= 100 marks (50+50 marks)

MLIF331 - IMMUNOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

This paper focuses on the fundamental science of immunology and explores the clinical and therapeutic aspects of immunology.  Topics include immunogenetics and molecular structure of immunoglobulins, T cell & B cell development, MHC antigens, modern vaccines, functions and dysfunctions of the components of the immune system; applications of immunological technologies in modern scientific research and development. These topics will help the students to absorb most of the fundamentals in immunology and this can benefit in understanding the advanced topics in this area.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Understand the concepts of immunity and the mechanism of cellular and humoral immune response.

CO2: Understand the genetic basis for immunological diversity in acquired immunity.

CO3: Able to understand and relate to therapeutic agents used in medicine.

CO4: Apply the concept of antigen and antibody interactions in research and diagnosis.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Introduction to Immunology
 

History of Immunology, Terrain Versus germ theory, cellular and humoral immunity,  Innate Immune Immunity and its role in protection, physiological barriers, Fever and pyrogen, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, Inflammatory response, Neutrophil extravasation, Adaptive Immunity – Features, naturally and artificially acquired immunity with example

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Introduction to Immunology
 

History of Immunology, Terrain Versus germ theory, cellular and humoral immunity,  Innate Immune Immunity and its role in protection, physiological barriers, Fever and pyrogen, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, Inflammatory response, Neutrophil extravasation, Adaptive Immunity – Features, naturally and artificially acquired immunity with example

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:16
Cells and organs of immune system
 

Haematopoiesis, Humoral and cellular component of the Immune system, Role of different blood cells in immune system-B cell ( Structure of B cell receptor, co-receptor, other receptors of B cell, Antigen dependent and independent phases of B cell activation), B cell signaling for activation, T cytotoxic cell, T helper cell, T cell receptors( (γ/δ, αβ) Maturation of T cell, DiGeorge syndrome, Chediak higashi syndrome), Dendritic cell, Macrophages(Production, killing mechanism) and, null cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Monocytes,  primary lymphoid organs- thymus, nude mice, Experiments to prove positive and negative selection of thymocytes, bone marrow, secondary lymphoid organs- spleen, lymph node, MALT, SALT, CART in cancer therapy

 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:16
Cells and organs of immune system
 

Haematopoiesis, Humoral and cellular component of the Immune system, Role of different blood cells in immune system-B cell ( Structure of B cell receptor, co-receptor, other receptors of B cell, Antigen dependent and independent phases of B cell activation), B cell signaling for activation, T cytotoxic cell, T helper cell, T cell receptors( (γ/δ, αβ) Maturation of T cell, DiGeorge syndrome, Chediak higashi syndrome), Dendritic cell, Macrophages(Production, killing mechanism) and, null cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Monocytes,  primary lymphoid organs- thymus, nude mice, Experiments to prove positive and negative selection of thymocytes, bone marrow, secondary lymphoid organs- spleen, lymph node, MALT, SALT, CART in cancer therapy

 

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:5
Antigen-Antibody interaction
 

Affinity and avidity, Factors influencing antigen and antibody reaction, precipitation reactions- radial immunodiffusion, double immunodiffusion, Agglutination- heamagglutination, agglutination inhibition, rocket electrophoresis, radioimmunoassay, ELISA- direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive ELISA, immunofluorescent techniques.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:5
Antigen-Antibody interaction
 

Affinity and avidity, Factors influencing antigen and antibody reaction, precipitation reactions- radial immunodiffusion, double immunodiffusion, Agglutination- heamagglutination, agglutination inhibition, rocket electrophoresis, radioimmunoassay, ELISA- direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive ELISA, immunofluorescent techniques.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:16
Antigens and antibodies
 

Antigenicity and Immunogenicity, Factors influencing antigenicity, epitopes of B Cells and T Cells, Haptens, adjuvants, super antigens, antigenic drift and shift, Elucidation of antibody structure, variable regions, constant regions, Heavy chains, light regions, classification and functions of antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, I,gE), secretion of IgA. Functions of different antibodies Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, Opsonisation, Antibodies activating complement system, Isotypic determinants, Allotypic determinants, Idiotypic determinants, synthesis, assembly and secretion of immunoglobulins, generation, Antibody diversity: Mini gene theory, Mutation theory, Germ line theory, Somatic recombination, V (D) J recombination, Combinatorial diversity, Junctional diversity, Monoclonal antibodies-hybridoma technology, chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies, Heteroconjugates, Immunotoxins, Abzymes

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:16
Antigens and antibodies
 

Antigenicity and Immunogenicity, Factors influencing antigenicity, epitopes of B Cells and T Cells, Haptens, adjuvants, super antigens, antigenic drift and shift, Elucidation of antibody structure, variable regions, constant regions, Heavy chains, light regions, classification and functions of antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, I,gE), secretion of IgA. Functions of different antibodies Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, Opsonisation, Antibodies activating complement system, Isotypic determinants, Allotypic determinants, Idiotypic determinants, synthesis, assembly and secretion of immunoglobulins, generation, Antibody diversity: Mini gene theory, Mutation theory, Germ line theory, Somatic recombination, V (D) J recombination, Combinatorial diversity, Junctional diversity, Monoclonal antibodies-hybridoma technology, chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies, Heteroconjugates, Immunotoxins, Abzymes

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:6
Antigen Processing and Presentation
 

MHC molecules and organization of their genes, Structure and function of MHC types. Antigen processing, role of MHC in antigen presentation, Immunity against intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Oxygen dependent and independent phagocytosis, Pathogens resistant to phagocytosis. Immunity to tuberculosis.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:6
Antigen Processing and Presentation
 

MHC molecules and organization of their genes, Structure and function of MHC types. Antigen processing, role of MHC in antigen presentation, Immunity against intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Oxygen dependent and independent phagocytosis, Pathogens resistant to phagocytosis. Immunity to tuberculosis.

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:3
Complement System
 

History and Definition of complement proteins, functions of complement system, Classical pathway, Alternate pathway, Mannan binding lectin pathway, Deficiency in complement system

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:3
Complement System
 

History and Definition of complement proteins, functions of complement system, Classical pathway, Alternate pathway, Mannan binding lectin pathway, Deficiency in complement system

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:3
Hypersensitivity
 

Definition of hypersensitivity reactions, Coomb’s classification of HS reactions- Immediate Reactions-Type I, II, III. Delayed HS reactions-type IV Autoimmune Diseases-Diabetes 1, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid Arthritis Transplantation: Terminology, Auto graft, Isograft, Allograft, Xenograft, Immunological basis of transplantation reactions, GVH reaction, Immunosuppression, General mechanisms of Immune suppression, Immune suppression, drugs (azothioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cycosporin-A, Steroids)

Unit-7
Teaching Hours:3
Hypersensitivity
 

Definition of hypersensitivity reactions, Coomb’s classification of HS reactions- Immediate Reactions-Type I, II, III. Delayed HS reactions-type IV Autoimmune Diseases-Diabetes 1, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid Arthritis Transplantation: Terminology, Auto graft, Isograft, Allograft, Xenograft, Immunological basis of transplantation reactions, GVH reaction, Immunosuppression, General mechanisms of Immune suppression, Immune suppression, drugs (azothioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cycosporin-A, Steroids)

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:4
Vaccines and Immunization
 

Passive and Active immunization. Types of Vaccines-Live, attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Conjugate vaccines, DNA vaccines, Recombinant vector vaccines

Unit-8
Teaching Hours:4
Vaccines and Immunization
 

Passive and Active immunization. Types of Vaccines-Live, attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Conjugate vaccines, DNA vaccines, Recombinant vector vaccines

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Abbas.k.Abdul, Lichtman. H.Andrew, Pober.J. Jordan, Cell and Molecular Immunology, 3rded. India: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.

2. H. F. Khan, The elements of Immunology, India: Pearson Education, 2009.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

T. J. Kindt, B. A. Osborne and R. A. Goldsby, Kuby Immunology, 6th ed. USA: W.H. Freeman & Company, 2007.

2. W. Luttman, Immunology, 2nd ed. USA: Academic press, 2006.

3. D.  Male, Immunology, 7thed. USA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.

Evaluation Pattern

CIA:

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

MLIF331A - FOOD, NUTRITION AND HEALTH SCIENCES (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

Course Description

This course is to familiarize the students with fundamentals of food, nutrients and their relationship to health. Also to create awareness with respect to deriving maximum benefit from available food resources.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students shall be able to impart the basic knowledge about the fundamentals of nutritional demands in various stages of life cycle

CO2: Students shall be able to acquire skills in planning adequate nutrients in different stages of life cycle to maintain health

CO3: Students shall be able to demonstrate the fundamental knowledge of nutrition and health

CO4: Students shall be able to have the level of expertise information in nutritive value and application of nutrition in health sciences

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:9
Basic Concepts in Food and Nutrition
 

Introduction to nutrition - Food as source of nutrients, functions of food, definition of nutrition, nutrients & energy, adequate, optimum & good nutrition, and malnutrition. Food guide - Basic five food groups, food guide (according to R.D.A.). Interrelationship between nutrition & health: - Visible symptoms of good health. Use of food in the body - Digestion, Absorption, transport, and utilization.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:9
Basic Concepts in Food and Nutrition
 

Introduction to nutrition - Food as source of nutrients, functions of food, definition of nutrition, nutrients & energy, adequate, optimum & good nutrition, and malnutrition. Food guide - Basic five food groups, food guide (according to R.D.A.). Interrelationship between nutrition & health: - Visible symptoms of good health. Use of food in the body - Digestion, Absorption, transport, and utilization.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:9
Basic Concepts in Food and Nutrition
 

Introduction to nutrition - Food as source of nutrients, functions of food, definition of nutrition, nutrients & energy, adequate, optimum & good nutrition, and malnutrition. Food guide - Basic five food groups, food guide (according to R.D.A.). Interrelationship between nutrition & health: - Visible symptoms of good health. Use of food in the body - Digestion, Absorption, transport, and utilization.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:9
Nutrients
 

Functions, dietary sources and clinical manifestations of deficiency/ excess of the following nutrients: Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Fat soluble vitamins-A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins – thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin C. Minerals – calcium, iron and iodine. Role of food in human health: The process of digestion, absorption, transport, utilization of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water in the human body.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:9
Nutrients
 

Functions, dietary sources and clinical manifestations of deficiency/ excess of the following nutrients: Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Fat soluble vitamins-A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins – thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin C. Minerals – calcium, iron and iodine. Role of food in human health: The process of digestion, absorption, transport, utilization of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water in the human body.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:9
Nutrients
 

Functions, dietary sources and clinical manifestations of deficiency/ excess of the following nutrients: Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Fat soluble vitamins-A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins – thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin C. Minerals – calcium, iron and iodine. Role of food in human health: The process of digestion, absorption, transport, utilization of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water in the human body.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:9
Nutrition in Health
 

Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy – Stages of pregnancy Normal growth and weight change, complications, Nutritional requirements. Nutrition during Infancy - Growth and development, factors influencing growth, difference between breastfeeding and bottle feeding, different types of milk formulae available commercially. Nutritional needs of toddlers (1-5 year) & School children - Nutritional requirements of toddlers & school going children. Nutrition during Adolescence - Physical growth and changes.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:9
Nutrition in Health
 

Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy – Stages of pregnancy Normal growth and weight change, complications, Nutritional requirements. Nutrition during Infancy - Growth and development, factors influencing growth, difference between breastfeeding and bottle feeding, different types of milk formulae available commercially. Nutritional needs of toddlers (1-5 year) & School children - Nutritional requirements of toddlers & school going children. Nutrition during Adolescence - Physical growth and changes.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:9
Nutrition in Health
 

Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy – Stages of pregnancy Normal growth and weight change, complications, Nutritional requirements. Nutrition during Infancy - Growth and development, factors influencing growth, difference between breastfeeding and bottle feeding, different types of milk formulae available commercially. Nutritional needs of toddlers (1-5 year) & School children - Nutritional requirements of toddlers & school going children. Nutrition during Adolescence - Physical growth and changes.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
Food Sanitation and Hygiene
 

Introduction- Food spoilage, factors, Food intoxication and food borne diseases (bacteria, virus,fungi, protozoan), Chemical contamination in food (Pesticide residues, Adulterants), Impact on human health, Prevention & control. Food preservation techniques, Sanitation in the food industry.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
Food Sanitation and Hygiene
 

Introduction- Food spoilage, factors, Food intoxication and food borne diseases (bacteria, virus,fungi, protozoan), Chemical contamination in food (Pesticide residues, Adulterants), Impact on human health, Prevention & control. Food preservation techniques, Sanitation in the food industry.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
Food Sanitation and Hygiene
 

Introduction- Food spoilage, factors, Food intoxication and food borne diseases (bacteria, virus,fungi, protozoan), Chemical contamination in food (Pesticide residues, Adulterants), Impact on human health, Prevention & control. Food preservation techniques, Sanitation in the food industry.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:9
Community Health and Nutrition
 

National and International agencies in uplifting the nutritional status -WHO, UNICEF, CARE, ICMR, ICAR, CSIR, CFTRI. Various nutrition related welfare programmes, ICDS, SLP, and others. Community nutrition programme planning - Identification of problem, analysis of causes, resource constraints, selection of interventions, setting a strategy, implementations and evaluation of the programme.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:9
Community Health and Nutrition
 

National and International agencies in uplifting the nutritional status -WHO, UNICEF, CARE, ICMR, ICAR, CSIR, CFTRI. Various nutrition related welfare programmes, ICDS, SLP, and others. Community nutrition programme planning - Identification of problem, analysis of causes, resource constraints, selection of interventions, setting a strategy, implementations and evaluation of the programme.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:9
Community Health and Nutrition
 

National and International agencies in uplifting the nutritional status -WHO, UNICEF, CARE, ICMR, ICAR, CSIR, CFTRI. Various nutrition related welfare programmes, ICDS, SLP, and others. Community nutrition programme planning - Identification of problem, analysis of causes, resource constraints, selection of interventions, setting a strategy, implementations and evaluation of the programme.

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. J.M. Jay, D.A.Loessner, J. Martin, Essentials of Food Microbiology, London: Arnold, 2005.
  2. Frazier, W.C, Food Microbiology, Mc Graw Hill Inc. 4th Edition, 2007 3. P.J. Fellows, Food processing technology, 4th ed. Woodhead publishing,2017.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. N. Krieg, E.C.S. Chan, M.J.Pelczar, Modern Food Microbiology, 7th ed. Springer,  2004.
  2. D.A. Klein, J.P. Harley, L.M. Prescott, Microbiology, 6th ed. Brown publishers, 2008 
Evaluation Pattern

Based on Internal assessment (CIA 50%)

● 5 Assignments based on the sources: library, resource materials, videos: 10%

● Test papers/quizzes based on the contact classes -25 %

● Involvement in the group discussion and report submission - 10%

● Completion of MOOC and micro presentation/report submission based on MOOC: 5%

Comprehensive evaluation of the course (End semester examination) - 50% (100 marks)

MLIF331B - BIOPHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

BioPharmaceutical Quality Assurance describes various aspects of the biopharmaceutical industry including quality and covers different allied information of the industry.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students shall be able to understand the current biopharmaceutical industrial scenarios with respect to manufacturing practices and quality assurance

CO2: Students shall be able to learn advance quality management system in the biopharmaceutical industry

CO3: Students shall be able to understand the GMP environment and subsequent audit procedures and regulatory guidelines

CO4: Students shall be able to gain knowledge on the analytical techniques used in the biopharmaceutical industry industry

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Introduction
 

Biopharmaceuticals and Biologics, Bio-generics and Biosimilars, Examples of Bio-generics and Biosimilars- India and Global, Approval procedure: US (ANDA, BLA), EU, Japan and India, Role of patents, High selling recombinant products, Challenges, Basic introduction on Global Regulatory Authorities: WHO, ICH, CDSCO (India), Pharmacopoeias, FDA (USA), TGA (Australia), PMDA (Japan), MHRA (UK), Health Canada (Canada), ROW.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Introduction
 

Biopharmaceuticals and Biologics, Bio-generics and Biosimilars, Examples of Bio-generics and Biosimilars- India and Global, Approval procedure: US (ANDA, BLA), EU, Japan and India, Role of patents, High selling recombinant products, Challenges, Basic introduction on Global Regulatory Authorities: WHO, ICH, CDSCO (India), Pharmacopoeias, FDA (USA), TGA (Australia), PMDA (Japan), MHRA (UK), Health Canada (Canada), ROW.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Introduction
 

Biopharmaceuticals and Biologics, Bio-generics and Biosimilars, Examples of Bio-generics and Biosimilars- India and Global, Approval procedure: US (ANDA, BLA), EU, Japan and India, Role of patents, High selling recombinant products, Challenges, Basic introduction on Global Regulatory Authorities: WHO, ICH, CDSCO (India), Pharmacopoeias, FDA (USA), TGA (Australia), PMDA (Japan), MHRA (UK), Health Canada (Canada), ROW.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
R & D Dynamics
 

Basic concept of R&D in bio-pharmaceuticals - Basic Concept on different departments in R&D and their functions: Clone Development, Process Development (Upstream and Downstream), Formulation Development, Analytical Development,  R&D Quality Assurance, Inter Disciplinary teams (Manufacturing, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Manufacturing Science And Technology-MSAT, Regulatory Affairs). Different R&D documentations (Protocols, Reports, Common Technical Document as per ICH M4Q R1). Early Stage Development, Late Stage Development and Post Approval Changes

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
R & D Dynamics
 

Basic concept of R&D in bio-pharmaceuticals - Basic Concept on different departments in R&D and their functions: Clone Development, Process Development (Upstream and Downstream), Formulation Development, Analytical Development,  R&D Quality Assurance, Inter Disciplinary teams (Manufacturing, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Manufacturing Science And Technology-MSAT, Regulatory Affairs). Different R&D documentations (Protocols, Reports, Common Technical Document as per ICH M4Q R1). Early Stage Development, Late Stage Development and Post Approval Changes

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
R & D Dynamics
 

Basic concept of R&D in bio-pharmaceuticals - Basic Concept on different departments in R&D and their functions: Clone Development, Process Development (Upstream and Downstream), Formulation Development, Analytical Development,  R&D Quality Assurance, Inter Disciplinary teams (Manufacturing, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Manufacturing Science And Technology-MSAT, Regulatory Affairs). Different R&D documentations (Protocols, Reports, Common Technical Document as per ICH M4Q R1). Early Stage Development, Late Stage Development and Post Approval Changes

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:15
Quality by Design
 

International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) quality guidelines for biologics: Analytical Validation (Q2), Stability (Q5) Good Manufacturing Practices (Q7), Quality Risk Management (Q9) and Risk Assessment: different methodologies such as FMEA, FMECA, HAZOP etc, Pharmaceutical Development (Q8), Pharmaceutical Quality System (Q10). Basic Concept on Process Characterization (Univaritae OFAT and Multivariate studies, Application of statistical tools, Design of Experiments (DOE), Concept on a few DOE softwares. A-MAb case study and Data analysis.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:15
Quality by Design
 

International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) quality guidelines for biologics: Analytical Validation (Q2), Stability (Q5) Good Manufacturing Practices (Q7), Quality Risk Management (Q9) and Risk Assessment: different methodologies such as FMEA, FMECA, HAZOP etc, Pharmaceutical Development (Q8), Pharmaceutical Quality System (Q10). Basic Concept on Process Characterization (Univaritae OFAT and Multivariate studies, Application of statistical tools, Design of Experiments (DOE), Concept on a few DOE softwares. A-MAb case study and Data analysis.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:15
Quality by Design
 

International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) quality guidelines for biologics: Analytical Validation (Q2), Stability (Q5) Good Manufacturing Practices (Q7), Quality Risk Management (Q9) and Risk Assessment: different methodologies such as FMEA, FMECA, HAZOP etc, Pharmaceutical Development (Q8), Pharmaceutical Quality System (Q10). Basic Concept on Process Characterization (Univaritae OFAT and Multivariate studies, Application of statistical tools, Design of Experiments (DOE), Concept on a few DOE softwares. A-MAb case study and Data analysis.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Data Integrity, cGMP and Quality Assurance
 

cGMP: Basic concept, Quality Management System (Change Control, CAPA and Deviation), Master Formula Record (MFR) & Batch Process Record (BPR), Technology Transfer Document (TTD). Equipment Qualification Procedures: DQ, IQ, OQ and PQ; Facility Management. Concept on process validation, Audit Procedures. Good Documentation Practices, Data integrity guideline, CSV: Basic concept, Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP5).

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Data Integrity, cGMP and Quality Assurance
 

cGMP: Basic concept, Quality Management System (Change Control, CAPA and Deviation), Master Formula Record (MFR) & Batch Process Record (BPR), Technology Transfer Document (TTD). Equipment Qualification Procedures: DQ, IQ, OQ and PQ; Facility Management. Concept on process validation, Audit Procedures. Good Documentation Practices, Data integrity guideline, CSV: Basic concept, Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP5).

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Data Integrity, cGMP and Quality Assurance
 

cGMP: Basic concept, Quality Management System (Change Control, CAPA and Deviation), Master Formula Record (MFR) & Batch Process Record (BPR), Technology Transfer Document (TTD). Equipment Qualification Procedures: DQ, IQ, OQ and PQ; Facility Management. Concept on process validation, Audit Procedures. Good Documentation Practices, Data integrity guideline, CSV: Basic concept, Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP5).

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines
  2. Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation guidelines
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. US FDA guidelines
  2. US and Indian pharmacopeias
Evaluation Pattern

Based on Internal assessment (CIA 50%)

● 5 Assignments based on the sources: library, resource materials, videos: 10%

● Test papers/quizzes based on the contact classes -25 %

● Involvement in the group discussion and report submission - 10%

● Completion of MOOC and micro presentation/report submission based on MOOC: 5%

Comprehensive evaluation of the course (End semester examination) - 50% (100 marks)

MLIF331C - NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

Nanobiotechnology is an upcoming field in the recent era having multitude applications in Medicine, Environmental technology and Biotechnology. Recent researchers have discovered nano sized particles used for drug delivery, gene delivery, cancer immunotherapy, and enzyme delivery to target sites, industrial and environmental applications. This paper will emphasize the introductory knowledge on nano science and their applications in biological field.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students shall be able to recognize the role of bio nanotechnology as an interdisciplinary tool and to understand how to use these new tools in solving biological problems

CO2: Students shall be able to demonstrate the interactions and relationship between molecular dynamics, nanoscale physics and macroscopic system behavior

CO3: Students shall be able to explain biophysical mechanisms in the context of Nano biotechnology application areas

CO4: Students shall be able to analyze and discuss the engineering requirements of multidisciplinary technology based on biology and challenges of commercializing new technologies

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:8
Introduction to Nanobiotechnology
 

Defining Nanobiotechnology and nanomaterial - Classification of nanostructures - Nanospheres, Nanotubes, Nanorods, Nanowires, Nanosheets, Quantum dots - Effects of the nanometre length scale - Changes to the system structure - How nanoscale dimensions affect properties - Nanocomposites - Graphene - Carbon Nanotubes - Fullerenes - Natural Nanomaterials - Bio-inspired nanomaterials.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:8
Introduction to Nanobiotechnology
 

Defining Nanobiotechnology and nanomaterial - Classification of nanostructures - Nanospheres, Nanotubes, Nanorods, Nanowires, Nanosheets, Quantum dots - Effects of the nanometre length scale - Changes to the system structure - How nanoscale dimensions affect properties - Nanocomposites - Graphene - Carbon Nanotubes - Fullerenes - Natural Nanomaterials - Bio-inspired nanomaterials.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:8
Introduction to Nanobiotechnology
 

Defining Nanobiotechnology and nanomaterial - Classification of nanostructures - Nanospheres, Nanotubes, Nanorods, Nanowires, Nanosheets, Quantum dots - Effects of the nanometre length scale - Changes to the system structure - How nanoscale dimensions affect properties - Nanocomposites - Graphene - Carbon Nanotubes - Fullerenes - Natural Nanomaterials - Bio-inspired nanomaterials.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:8
Synthesis Methods of Nanomaterials
 

Physical synthesis - Ball Milling - Electrodeposition - Spray Pyrolysis - Thermal evaporation Chemical synthesis - Sol-Gel Process - Metal Nanocrystals by Reduction - Solvothermal Synthesis - Biological Synthesis - Protein-Based Nanostructure Formation - DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation - Protein Assembly, Green synthesis

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:8
Synthesis Methods of Nanomaterials
 

Physical synthesis - Ball Milling - Electrodeposition - Spray Pyrolysis - Thermal evaporation Chemical synthesis - Sol-Gel Process - Metal Nanocrystals by Reduction - Solvothermal Synthesis - Biological Synthesis - Protein-Based Nanostructure Formation - DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation - Protein Assembly, Green synthesis

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:8
Synthesis Methods of Nanomaterials
 

Physical synthesis - Ball Milling - Electrodeposition - Spray Pyrolysis - Thermal evaporation Chemical synthesis - Sol-Gel Process - Metal Nanocrystals by Reduction - Solvothermal Synthesis - Biological Synthesis - Protein-Based Nanostructure Formation - DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation - Protein Assembly, Green synthesis

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:8
Properties of Nanomaterials
 

Physical properties - Electrical, Optical, Mechanical, Magnetic, Quantum confinement, Surface Plasmon resonance - Electrochemical Properties of Nanoscale Materials, Intra-molecular bonding, Inter-molecular bonding, Nanocatalysis, Surface energy, Self-assembly - Interaction Between Biomolecules and Nanoparticle Surfaces.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:8
Properties of Nanomaterials
 

Physical properties - Electrical, Optical, Mechanical, Magnetic, Quantum confinement, Surface Plasmon resonance - Electrochemical Properties of Nanoscale Materials, Intra-molecular bonding, Inter-molecular bonding, Nanocatalysis, Surface energy, Self-assembly - Interaction Between Biomolecules and Nanoparticle Surfaces.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:8
Properties of Nanomaterials
 

Physical properties - Electrical, Optical, Mechanical, Magnetic, Quantum confinement, Surface Plasmon resonance - Electrochemical Properties of Nanoscale Materials, Intra-molecular bonding, Inter-molecular bonding, Nanocatalysis, Surface energy, Self-assembly - Interaction Between Biomolecules and Nanoparticle Surfaces.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:11
Characterization Methods
 

X-ray diffraction (XRD) - Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Electron microscopes: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) -UV - Visible Spectrophotometer - Photoluminescence (PL) Spectrophotometer - Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectrometer (FTIR) - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) - Thermogravimetric/Diffferential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA).

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:11
Characterization Methods
 

X-ray diffraction (XRD) - Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Electron microscopes: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) -UV - Visible Spectrophotometer - Photoluminescence (PL) Spectrophotometer - Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectrometer (FTIR) - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) - Thermogravimetric/Diffferential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA).

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:11
Characterization Methods
 

X-ray diffraction (XRD) - Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Electron microscopes: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) -UV - Visible Spectrophotometer - Photoluminescence (PL) Spectrophotometer - Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectrometer (FTIR) - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) - Thermogravimetric/Diffferential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA).

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:10
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND MEDICINE
 

Nanoparticles – Phytotoxicity tests/assays; Nano-materials to improve crop productivity, Seed pretreatment, Growth promotion, Nano- fertilizers, Nano-pesticides, Nano-nutrient. Nanoparticles in bio- degradation, nano-material-based adsorbents for water treatment, possible mutagenic properties of nanoparticles, nanoparticle bioaccumulation. Ecological effects of nanoparticles. Application of Nano-biotechnology in drug Delivery. Nanoscale Devices for Drug Discovery. Micelles for Drug Delivery. Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment. Nanotechnology for Cancer Research and Therapy. siRNA. Tumor-targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Nanotechnology for Imaging and Detection. Nanomaterials for food Applications - Toxicity of Nanoparticles, Future Perspectives.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:10
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND MEDICINE
 

Nanoparticles – Phytotoxicity tests/assays; Nano-materials to improve crop productivity, Seed pretreatment, Growth promotion, Nano- fertilizers, Nano-pesticides, Nano-nutrient. Nanoparticles in bio- degradation, nano-material-based adsorbents for water treatment, possible mutagenic properties of nanoparticles, nanoparticle bioaccumulation. Ecological effects of nanoparticles. Application of Nano-biotechnology in drug Delivery. Nanoscale Devices for Drug Discovery. Micelles for Drug Delivery. Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment. Nanotechnology for Cancer Research and Therapy. siRNA. Tumor-targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Nanotechnology for Imaging and Detection. Nanomaterials for food Applications - Toxicity of Nanoparticles, Future Perspectives.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:10
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND MEDICINE
 

Nanoparticles – Phytotoxicity tests/assays; Nano-materials to improve crop productivity, Seed pretreatment, Growth promotion, Nano- fertilizers, Nano-pesticides, Nano-nutrient. Nanoparticles in bio- degradation, nano-material-based adsorbents for water treatment, possible mutagenic properties of nanoparticles, nanoparticle bioaccumulation. Ecological effects of nanoparticles. Application of Nano-biotechnology in drug Delivery. Nanoscale Devices for Drug Discovery. Micelles for Drug Delivery. Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment. Nanotechnology for Cancer Research and Therapy. siRNA. Tumor-targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Nanotechnology for Imaging and Detection. Nanomaterials for food Applications - Toxicity of Nanoparticles, Future Perspectives.

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert W. Kelsall, Ian W. Hamley and Mark Geoghegan, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK, 2005.
  2. Nano:The Essentials: Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotecnology, T.Pradeep, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008.
  3. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties & Applications, Guozhong Gao, Imperial College Press, 2004.
  4. Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies - Mick Wilson, Kamali Kannangara, Geoff Smith, Michelle Simmons, Burkhard Raguse, Overseas Press, 2005.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. Nanoparticles as Drug carriers, Vladimir P Torchilin, Imperial College Press, USA, 2006.
  2. Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Applications and Perspectives, Christof M.Niemeyer, Chad A.Mirkin, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004.
  3.  Bionanotechnology, Lessons from nature, David SG. (2004). John Wiley & Sons Inc. publication.
  4. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Isha Publication.Parthasarathy BK. (2007).
  5. Bionanotechnology. Elisabeth P and Aravind P. (2007). Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
  6. Microbial Bionanotechnology. Bernd R. (2006).  Horizon Scientific Press.
  7. Bionanotechnology: Global Prospects. David ER and Joseph DB. (2009). CRC Press.
  8. Plenty of Room for Biology at the Bottom: An Introduction to Bionanotechnology, Ehud G. (2013). World Scientific Publishers.
  9. Nanotechnology for Biology and Medicine: At the building block level, Silva GA and Parpura V. (2011). Springer Science.
  10. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Ibrahim K, Khalid S and Idrees K. (2017). Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
Evaluation Pattern

Based on Internal assessment (CIA 50%)

● 5 Assignments based on the sources: library, resource materials, videos: 10%

● Test papers/quizzes based on the contact classes -25 %

● Involvement in the group discussion and report submission - 10%

● Completion of MOOC and micro presentation/report submission based on MOOC: 5%

Comprehensive evaluation of the course (End semester examination) - 50% (100 marks)

MLIF331D - ALGAL TECHNOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

This course covers the basic science and technology of algae cultivation. This paper provides students with the skills required to work in the algae cultivation (algaculture) industry or create their own algaculture business. Students will learn the controlled environment requirements for successful cultivation of various algae species. The program emphasizes training in algal cultivation technologies, including algaculture extension training. Knowledge acquired will prepare students for jobs as Greenhouse/Agricultural Workers, Plant Technicians, Plant Managers, Laboratory Technicians, Sales Managers, Public Relations and Outreach, Process Coordinators, Extension Service and/or Business Owners/Managers.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students shall be able to understand the common cultivation methods of microalgae including photobioreactors and open ponds

CO2: Students shall be able to analyze the major cultivation methods of seaweeds, along with detailed life history of selected high-value seaweed species from India

CO3: Students shall be able to understand the cultivation and optimization strategies of biofuel production

CO4: Students shall be able to understand the chemical composition, carbon capture and sequestration of various algae for industrial application

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Cultivation Methods for Microalgae
 

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Cultivation Methods for Microalgae
 

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Cultivation Methods for Microalgae
 

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
Cultivation Methods for Seaweeds
 

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Monostroma, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semifloating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
Cultivation Methods for Seaweeds
 

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Monostroma, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semifloating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
Cultivation Methods for Seaweeds
 

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Monostroma, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semifloating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:12
Production of Biofuel
 

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:12
Production of Biofuel
 

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:12
Production of Biofuel
 

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:11
Carbon Capture and Sequestration with Algae
 

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:11
Carbon Capture and Sequestration with Algae
 

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:11
Carbon Capture and Sequestration with Algae
 

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through.

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. Hoek, C. Van D et al (2009) Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press.
  2. Bast, F. (2014). An Illustrated Review on Cultivation and Life History of Agronomically Important Seaplants. In Seaweed: Mineral Composition, Nutritional and Antioxidant Benefits and Agricultural Uses, EdsVitor Hugo Pomin, 39-70. Nova Publishers, New York ISBN: 978-1-63117-571-8.
  3. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. Sahoo, D. (2000). Farming the ocean: seaweeds cultivation and utilization. Aravali International, New Delhi.
  2. Bast, F (2014). Seaweeds: Ancestors of land plants with rich diversity. Resonance, 19(2) 1032-1043 ISSN: 0971-8044
Evaluation Pattern

Based on Internal assessment (CIA 50%)

● 5 Assignments based on the sources: library, resource materials, videos: 10%

● Test papers/quizzes based on the contact classes -25 %

● Involvement in the group discussion and report submission - 10%

● Completion of MOOC and micro presentation/report submission based on MOOC: 5%

Comprehensive evaluation of the course (End semester examination) - 50% (100 marks)

MLIF331E - FORENSIC BIOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

The Forensic Biology course will attract those with an interest in the application of basic sciences and common sense to the investigation of crime and analysis of crucial evidences. The program provides an intellectually challenging study of the full range of forensic applications, mainly Forensic Biology, various biological fluids, their forensic examination, morphology and anatomy of fibres, forensic entomology and wild life forensic.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students shall be able to know about various biological evidence and their forensic examination and analysis

CO2: Students shall be able to understand the composition of blood, identification and examination of various biological fluids and their forensic applications

CO3: Students shall be able to understand the concept of forensic entomology, implementation in forensic science.

CO4: Students shall be able to apply knowledge of wildlife techniques in the forensic field.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC BIOLOGY
 

Biological evidence: Importance, nature, location, collection and evaluation. Hair and Fibers: Importance, nature, location, collection, evaluation and tests for their identification. Importance and identification of Botanical evidence such as Pollen grains, wood, leaves and seeds. Composition of body fluids - blood, semen, saliva, vaginal fluid, urine, sweat and menstrual blood.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC BIOLOGY
 

Biological evidence: Importance, nature, location, collection and evaluation. Hair and Fibers: Importance, nature, location, collection, evaluation and tests for their identification. Importance and identification of Botanical evidence such as Pollen grains, wood, leaves and seeds. Composition of body fluids - blood, semen, saliva, vaginal fluid, urine, sweat and menstrual blood.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC BIOLOGY
 

Biological evidence: Importance, nature, location, collection and evaluation. Hair and Fibers: Importance, nature, location, collection, evaluation and tests for their identification. Importance and identification of Botanical evidence such as Pollen grains, wood, leaves and seeds. Composition of body fluids - blood, semen, saliva, vaginal fluid, urine, sweat and menstrual blood.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
BIOLOGICAL FLUID?S FORENSIC EXAMINATION
 

Identification of blood stains: Presumptive tests- Benzidine test, Phenolphthalein test, Leucomalachite test, Tetra-Methyl benzidine test and O-Tolidine, Luminol test. Confirmatory tests- Haemochromogen test, Haematin test and Haemin test. Typing of blood antigens from dried stains. Latte’s test, Absorption Elution, Absorption Inhibition, Mixed agglutination. Identification of seminal stains; Presumptive Tests-Acid Phosphatase Test, Barberios Test and Florence Crystal Test. Confirmatory Test -Sperm Detection.  Identification of saliva stains: Starch iodine test, Radial gel diffusion and examination of buccal epithelial cells.  Identification of Urine stains: Physical examination, Odor Test, Urea nitrate crystal test and creatinine test. Identification of vomit stains: Detection of Mucus, Free HCL and Endothelial cells. Identification of faecal stains: microscopic detection of undigested food particles, vegetables material and muscle fibers, Urobilinogen Test. Diatoms and Pollen grains, Collection of insects, preservation and shipments of insects, identification and Forensic Significance. Microorganism in biological warfare.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
BIOLOGICAL FLUID?S FORENSIC EXAMINATION
 

Identification of blood stains: Presumptive tests- Benzidine test, Phenolphthalein test, Leucomalachite test, Tetra-Methyl benzidine test and O-Tolidine, Luminol test. Confirmatory tests- Haemochromogen test, Haematin test and Haemin test. Typing of blood antigens from dried stains. Latte’s test, Absorption Elution, Absorption Inhibition, Mixed agglutination. Identification of seminal stains; Presumptive Tests-Acid Phosphatase Test, Barberios Test and Florence Crystal Test. Confirmatory Test -Sperm Detection.  Identification of saliva stains: Starch iodine test, Radial gel diffusion and examination of buccal epithelial cells.  Identification of Urine stains: Physical examination, Odor Test, Urea nitrate crystal test and creatinine test. Identification of vomit stains: Detection of Mucus, Free HCL and Endothelial cells. Identification of faecal stains: microscopic detection of undigested food particles, vegetables material and muscle fibers, Urobilinogen Test. Diatoms and Pollen grains, Collection of insects, preservation and shipments of insects, identification and Forensic Significance. Microorganism in biological warfare.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:15
BIOLOGICAL FLUID?S FORENSIC EXAMINATION
 

Identification of blood stains: Presumptive tests- Benzidine test, Phenolphthalein test, Leucomalachite test, Tetra-Methyl benzidine test and O-Tolidine, Luminol test. Confirmatory tests- Haemochromogen test, Haematin test and Haemin test. Typing of blood antigens from dried stains. Latte’s test, Absorption Elution, Absorption Inhibition, Mixed agglutination. Identification of seminal stains; Presumptive Tests-Acid Phosphatase Test, Barberios Test and Florence Crystal Test. Confirmatory Test -Sperm Detection.  Identification of saliva stains: Starch iodine test, Radial gel diffusion and examination of buccal epithelial cells.  Identification of Urine stains: Physical examination, Odor Test, Urea nitrate crystal test and creatinine test. Identification of vomit stains: Detection of Mucus, Free HCL and Endothelial cells. Identification of faecal stains: microscopic detection of undigested food particles, vegetables material and muscle fibers, Urobilinogen Test. Diatoms and Pollen grains, Collection of insects, preservation and shipments of insects, identification and Forensic Significance. Microorganism in biological warfare.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY
 

Human Body – External Morphology. Introduction of human Skelton. Gross morphology of long bones and human dentition. Bite marks- Forensic significance. Hair structure and it’s growth. Phases of growth and growth rate. Hair characteristics from various body parts. Sex, age and race from hair. Forensic examination and comparison of hair. Determination of species from hair, Forensic significance of hair. Types of vegetable fibers and their identification.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY
 

Human Body – External Morphology. Introduction of human Skelton. Gross morphology of long bones and human dentition. Bite marks- Forensic significance. Hair structure and it’s growth. Phases of growth and growth rate. Hair characteristics from various body parts. Sex, age and race from hair. Forensic examination and comparison of hair. Determination of species from hair, Forensic significance of hair. Types of vegetable fibers and their identification.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY
 

Human Body – External Morphology. Introduction of human Skelton. Gross morphology of long bones and human dentition. Bite marks- Forensic significance. Hair structure and it’s growth. Phases of growth and growth rate. Hair characteristics from various body parts. Sex, age and race from hair. Forensic examination and comparison of hair. Determination of species from hair, Forensic significance of hair. Types of vegetable fibers and their identification.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
 

Forensic Entomology- History, significance, determination of time since death Dipterans larval development- life cycle of blowfly, housefly, flesh-fly. Successional colonization of body, determining whether the body has been moved, body disturbance, presence and position wounds, linking suspect to the scene, identification of drugs and toxins from the insects and larvae feeding on the body, entomology as an evidentiary tool in child and senior abuse cases and animal abuse cases, collection and preservation of entomological evidence.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
 

Forensic Entomology- History, significance, determination of time since death Dipterans larval development- life cycle of blowfly, housefly, flesh-fly. Successional colonization of body, determining whether the body has been moved, body disturbance, presence and position wounds, linking suspect to the scene, identification of drugs and toxins from the insects and larvae feeding on the body, entomology as an evidentiary tool in child and senior abuse cases and animal abuse cases, collection and preservation of entomological evidence.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
 

Forensic Entomology- History, significance, determination of time since death Dipterans larval development- life cycle of blowfly, housefly, flesh-fly. Successional colonization of body, determining whether the body has been moved, body disturbance, presence and position wounds, linking suspect to the scene, identification of drugs and toxins from the insects and larvae feeding on the body, entomology as an evidentiary tool in child and senior abuse cases and animal abuse cases, collection and preservation of entomological evidence.

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. Nanda, B.B. and Tewari, R.K; Forensic Science in India- A vision for the twenty first century, Select Publisher, New Delhi, 2001.
  2. James, S.H. and Nordby, J. J.; Forensic Science; An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, USA, 2003.
  3. Saperstein: Criminalities. An Introduction to Forensic Science, Prentice Hall Inc. USA, 1995.
  4. C. G. G. Aitken and D. A. Stoney; The use of statistics in Forensic Science, Ellis Harwood Limited, England. 1991.
  5. Bridges BC; Criminal Investigation, Practical Finger Printing, Thumb Impressions, Hand writing Expert testimony opinion Evidence, University Book Agency, Allahabad (2000).
  6. Essential Forensic Biology: Animals, Plants and Microorganisms in Legal Investigation by Allen Gunn.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. The biochemistry of semen and male reproductive tract Thaddeus Mann Methuen & Co. Ltd. London 1964.
  2. Mathew’s textile fibres their physical, microscopic and chemical properties Herbert R. Mauer Berger John Wiley New York 1954.
  3. Forensic Examination of Hair (Taylor & Francis Forensic Science Series) by James R. Robertson (Editor), 2004.
  4. Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations By Jason H. Byrd, James L. Costner Published by CRC Press, 2001.
Evaluation Pattern

Based on Internal assessment (CIA 50%)

● 5 Assignments based on the sources: library, resource materials, videos: 10%

● Test papers/quizzes based on the contact classes -25 %

● Involvement in the group discussion and report submission - 10%

● Completion of MOOC and micro presentation/report submission based on MOOC: 5%

Comprehensive evaluation of the course (End semester examination) - 50% (100 marks)

MLIF331F - OCEANOGRAPHY AND FISHERY TECHNOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

Upon completing this course, students will possess a comprehensive understanding of oceanography and fisheries technology, encompassing physical, chemical, geological, and biological aspects. They will adeptly apply scientific methods and modern technologies for investigating marine ecosystems and managing fisheries sustainably. The interdisciplinary approach will enable them to integrate knowledge from various disciplines and address real-world challenges. Students will refine critical thinking, communication skills, and ethical considerations, preparing them for roles in environmental stewardship. Field experiences and practical applications will reinforce theoretical knowledge, while exploring career opportunities in oceanography and fisheries technology, fostering a holistic approach to sustainable resource management and conservation.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students shall be able to describe the various types and factors of Oceanography.

CO2: Students shall be able to relate suitable aquaculture techniques for industrial use.

CO3: Students shall be able to illustrate the biology and breeding methods in finfish and shellfish species.

CO4: Students shall be able to designing aquaculture culture systems and hatchery techniques for commercial purposes with advanced techniques.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:9
OCEANOGRAPHY
 

Physical Oceanography: Seawater and its properties; Air-Sea interaction; Geotrophy & large scale circulation of the upper ocean; Tides, Waves, Currents, Ocean circulation and Monsoon; Chemical Oceanography: composition of seawater, including trace elements and dissolved organics, elemental and nutrient cycles, salinity & chemical transformations, Gas solubility; inorganic Characteristics of Seawater; Biological Oceanography: Living organisms of the ocean: physical parameters & their effects on organisms; characteristics of organisms living in the water column; Characterization of Marine Sediments - Constituents, Mass properties, Texture etc.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:9
OCEANOGRAPHY
 

Physical Oceanography: Seawater and its properties; Air-Sea interaction; Geotrophy & large scale circulation of the upper ocean; Tides, Waves, Currents, Ocean circulation and Monsoon; Chemical Oceanography: composition of seawater, including trace elements and dissolved organics, elemental and nutrient cycles, salinity & chemical transformations, Gas solubility; inorganic Characteristics of Seawater; Biological Oceanography: Living organisms of the ocean: physical parameters & their effects on organisms; characteristics of organisms living in the water column; Characterization of Marine Sediments - Constituents, Mass properties, Texture etc.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:9
OCEANOGRAPHY
 

Physical Oceanography: Seawater and its properties; Air-Sea interaction; Geotrophy & large scale circulation of the upper ocean; Tides, Waves, Currents, Ocean circulation and Monsoon; Chemical Oceanography: composition of seawater, including trace elements and dissolved organics, elemental and nutrient cycles, salinity & chemical transformations, Gas solubility; inorganic Characteristics of Seawater; Biological Oceanography: Living organisms of the ocean: physical parameters & their effects on organisms; characteristics of organisms living in the water column; Characterization of Marine Sediments - Constituents, Mass properties, Texture etc.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
AQUACULTURE CULTURE SYSTEMS AND HATCHERY TECHNIQUES
 

Importance of coastal aquaculture; Aquafarms; Criteria for selecting cultivable species; Culture systems and management practices – extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture practices, Seed production in controlled condition; Artificial insemination - in vitro fertilization; Culture of Live food organisms: Candidate species of phytoplankton & zooplankton as live food organisms of freshwater & marine species; biology & culture requirements of live food organisms: green algae, diatoms, rotifers, infusoria, tubifex, brine shrimp and earthworms.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
AQUACULTURE CULTURE SYSTEMS AND HATCHERY TECHNIQUES
 

Importance of coastal aquaculture; Aquafarms; Criteria for selecting cultivable species; Culture systems and management practices – extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture practices, Seed production in controlled condition; Artificial insemination - in vitro fertilization; Culture of Live food organisms: Candidate species of phytoplankton & zooplankton as live food organisms of freshwater & marine species; biology & culture requirements of live food organisms: green algae, diatoms, rotifers, infusoria, tubifex, brine shrimp and earthworms.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
AQUACULTURE CULTURE SYSTEMS AND HATCHERY TECHNIQUES
 

Importance of coastal aquaculture; Aquafarms; Criteria for selecting cultivable species; Culture systems and management practices – extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture practices, Seed production in controlled condition; Artificial insemination - in vitro fertilization; Culture of Live food organisms: Candidate species of phytoplankton & zooplankton as live food organisms of freshwater & marine species; biology & culture requirements of live food organisms: green algae, diatoms, rotifers, infusoria, tubifex, brine shrimp and earthworms.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:9
FISH AND SHELLFISH BIOLOGY AND BREEDING
 

Male and female of finfish and shellfish; Primary and secondary sex characters; neuroendocrine system in crustacean its role in the control of reproduction; environmental factors influencing reproduction; Advances in Fish Breeding: Hypophysation, evaluation of carp milt and egg, cryopreservation technique, Application of Crossbreeding in aquaculture; hormone-induced ovulation; Synthetic hormones for induced breeding- GnRH analogue structure and function.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:9
FISH AND SHELLFISH BIOLOGY AND BREEDING
 

Male and female of finfish and shellfish; Primary and secondary sex characters; neuroendocrine system in crustacean its role in the control of reproduction; environmental factors influencing reproduction; Advances in Fish Breeding: Hypophysation, evaluation of carp milt and egg, cryopreservation technique, Application of Crossbreeding in aquaculture; hormone-induced ovulation; Synthetic hormones for induced breeding- GnRH analogue structure and function.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:9
FISH AND SHELLFISH BIOLOGY AND BREEDING
 

Male and female of finfish and shellfish; Primary and secondary sex characters; neuroendocrine system in crustacean its role in the control of reproduction; environmental factors influencing reproduction; Advances in Fish Breeding: Hypophysation, evaluation of carp milt and egg, cryopreservation technique, Application of Crossbreeding in aquaculture; hormone-induced ovulation; Synthetic hormones for induced breeding- GnRH analogue structure and function.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
INDUSTRIAL AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY
 

Fish Feed Technology: Types of feed, Principles of feed formulation and manufacturing, diets suitable for application in different aquaculture systems; Feed processing: Gelatinization, extrusion Technology, pellet dressing with heat liable nutrients; Feed evaluation; Feeding schedule to different aquatic organisms, check tray operation and feed management, Biomass calculation based on feed intake; Post-harvest Biotechnology: Fundamental aspects of freezing, methods of freezing; Delaying of spoilage; Detection of toxic substances and pathogenic microbes; biosensors for toxin detection; Natural biomaterial used for preservation of fish, Antibiotic residual analysis techniques, detection of human pathogenic bacteria by PCR methods, Microbial and enzymatic standards of different fishery products.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
INDUSTRIAL AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY
 

Fish Feed Technology: Types of feed, Principles of feed formulation and manufacturing, diets suitable for application in different aquaculture systems; Feed processing: Gelatinization, extrusion Technology, pellet dressing with heat liable nutrients; Feed evaluation; Feeding schedule to different aquatic organisms, check tray operation and feed management, Biomass calculation based on feed intake; Post-harvest Biotechnology: Fundamental aspects of freezing, methods of freezing; Delaying of spoilage; Detection of toxic substances and pathogenic microbes; biosensors for toxin detection; Natural biomaterial used for preservation of fish, Antibiotic residual analysis techniques, detection of human pathogenic bacteria by PCR methods, Microbial and enzymatic standards of different fishery products.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:9
INDUSTRIAL AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY
 

Fish Feed Technology: Types of feed, Principles of feed formulation and manufacturing, diets suitable for application in different aquaculture systems; Feed processing: Gelatinization, extrusion Technology, pellet dressing with heat liable nutrients; Feed evaluation; Feeding schedule to different aquatic organisms, check tray operation and feed management, Biomass calculation based on feed intake; Post-harvest Biotechnology: Fundamental aspects of freezing, methods of freezing; Delaying of spoilage; Detection of toxic substances and pathogenic microbes; biosensors for toxin detection; Natural biomaterial used for preservation of fish, Antibiotic residual analysis techniques, detection of human pathogenic bacteria by PCR methods, Microbial and enzymatic standards of different fishery products.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:8
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT
 

Fish Cell culture Techniques: Tissue culture, cell lines, primary and secondary culture, cell culture-based vaccines, organ and histotypic cultures; measurement of cell death; apoptosis; Cell Hybridization: Somatic cell fusion, hybridoma technology, Production and Application of monoclonal antibodies; Transgenic production of fishes: definition, transgenic fish, Methods of gene transfer in fishes, single gene traits, detection of transgenes, screening for transgenics, site of integration, applications; Evaluation of GFP transgenics; Genetically modified Fish Production Prospects and Problems.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:8
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT
 

Fish Cell culture Techniques: Tissue culture, cell lines, primary and secondary culture, cell culture-based vaccines, organ and histotypic cultures; measurement of cell death; apoptosis; Cell Hybridization: Somatic cell fusion, hybridoma technology, Production and Application of monoclonal antibodies; Transgenic production of fishes: definition, transgenic fish, Methods of gene transfer in fishes, single gene traits, detection of transgenes, screening for transgenics, site of integration, applications; Evaluation of GFP transgenics; Genetically modified Fish Production Prospects and Problems.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:8
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT
 

Fish Cell culture Techniques: Tissue culture, cell lines, primary and secondary culture, cell culture-based vaccines, organ and histotypic cultures; measurement of cell death; apoptosis; Cell Hybridization: Somatic cell fusion, hybridoma technology, Production and Application of monoclonal antibodies; Transgenic production of fishes: definition, transgenic fish, Methods of gene transfer in fishes, single gene traits, detection of transgenes, screening for transgenics, site of integration, applications; Evaluation of GFP transgenics; Genetically modified Fish Production Prospects and Problems.

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson and R.H. Fleming 1958. The Oceans – their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. Prentice – Hall Inc. New Jersey, 1087 pp.
  2. McCormick, J.M. and J.V. Thiruvathakal, 1976. Elements of Oceanography. 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 346 pp.
  3. Stowe, K., 1996. Exploring Ocean Science. John Wiley Sons Inc, New York 426 pp.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. Duxbury, A.C., A.B. Duxbury and K.A. Sverdrup, 2000. An Introduction To The World’s Oceans. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, UK. 528 pp.
  2. Harold V.Thurman, 2004. Introductory Oceanography. 10th edition, Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, 624 pp.
  3. Genny Anderson, 2009. Tools of the Oceanography: Sampling equipments, measuring equipment, online marine science; Santa Barbara, California, USA
  4. Fisheries research planning and Management in developing countries- V.R.P.Sinha- International Books and Periodicals services (IBS)-New Delhi.
  5. Live feeds in Marine Aquaculture- L.A.McEvoy and J.G.Stottrup-Blackwell publishing company, UK.
  6. Aquaculture Principles and Practices-T.V.R.Pillay, 2005, Fishing News Books, USA.
  7. Fish and fisheries of India-V.G.Jingran-1975, Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi.
  8. Biology of finfish and shellfish-SCSC publishers-Howra

 

Evaluation Pattern

Based on Internal assessment (CIA 50%)

● 5 Assignments based on the sources: library, resource materials, videos: 10%

● Test papers/quizzes based on the contact classes -25 %

● Involvement in the group discussion and report submission - 10%

● Completion of MOOC and micro presentation/report submission based on MOOC: 5%

Comprehensive evaluation of the course (End semester examination) - 50% (100 marks)

MLIF331G - CANCER BIOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

In this course, students will learn specifics about various cellular mechanisms that are changed during cancer. Also, the course provides information on the most recent concepts in cancer biology and cancer therapies.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Understand the difference between a normal cell and a cancer cell and relate molecular events that lead to the initiation and progression of cancer

CO2: Gain perception in the role of stem cells and proteins in the development of cancer

CO3: Acquire knowledge about the immunology of cancer

CO4: Understand the recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Life Cycle of a Cell and Introduction to Cancer
 

Life Cycle of a Cell - Mitosis and meiosis, Cell cycle and its regulation. Cell death - apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis.

Introduction to Cancer - Types of abnormal cell growth (Neoplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, Hypertrophy), Cancer definition, Cancer epidemiology, Hallmarks of cancer cells (Sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, resisting cell death), Properties of cancer cells (altered cellular metabolism, suppression of immune response, changes in cell surface, chemotaxis), difference between benign and malignant tumors, types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma), Stages of cancer (TNM classification).

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Life Cycle of a Cell and Introduction to Cancer
 

Life Cycle of a Cell - Mitosis and meiosis, Cell cycle and its regulation. Cell death - apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis.

Introduction to Cancer - Types of abnormal cell growth (Neoplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, Hypertrophy), Cancer definition, Cancer epidemiology, Hallmarks of cancer cells (Sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, resisting cell death), Properties of cancer cells (altered cellular metabolism, suppression of immune response, changes in cell surface, chemotaxis), difference between benign and malignant tumors, types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma), Stages of cancer (TNM classification).

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:7
Life Cycle of a Cell and Introduction to Cancer
 

Life Cycle of a Cell - Mitosis and meiosis, Cell cycle and its regulation. Cell death - apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis.

Introduction to Cancer - Types of abnormal cell growth (Neoplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, Hypertrophy), Cancer definition, Cancer epidemiology, Hallmarks of cancer cells (Sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, resisting cell death), Properties of cancer cells (altered cellular metabolism, suppression of immune response, changes in cell surface, chemotaxis), difference between benign and malignant tumors, types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma), Stages of cancer (TNM classification).

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:20
Carcinogenesis and Molecular Mechanism
 

Carcinogenesis process, cancer genes (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes) their mechanism of action, signal transduction pathway, ligands and receptors, protein kinases, Role of growth factors and receptors in carcinogenesis, RAS signaling in cancer, Familial cancer syndromes. Apoptosis definition, molecular mechanisms of apoptosis (extrinsic, intrinsic and perforin/granzyme pathway), Mechanism and control of apoptotic pathways, structure and function of the p53 and retinoblastoma proteins, apoptosis and cancer. Necrosis and autophagy mechanism, and relation to cancer. Angiogenesis and steps involved in vascularization, molecular mediators of tumor angiogenesis, biomarkers, and angiogenesis inhibitors. Invasion and metastasis definition, origins of metastatic tumor cells, metastatic cascade, tumor microenvironment determinants of metastatic potential and site of metastasis, tumor cell motility, tumor invasion of the basement membrane, initiation of cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions, and tumor cell migration, the role of integrins in tumor progression, proteases in tumor cell invasion. Telomeres, telomerase - structure, regulation, and function; telomerase reactivation, telomere maintenance and cancer.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:20
Carcinogenesis and Molecular Mechanism
 

Carcinogenesis process, cancer genes (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes) their mechanism of action, signal transduction pathway, ligands and receptors, protein kinases, Role of growth factors and receptors in carcinogenesis, RAS signaling in cancer, Familial cancer syndromes. Apoptosis definition, molecular mechanisms of apoptosis (extrinsic, intrinsic and perforin/granzyme pathway), Mechanism and control of apoptotic pathways, structure and function of the p53 and retinoblastoma proteins, apoptosis and cancer. Necrosis and autophagy mechanism, and relation to cancer. Angiogenesis and steps involved in vascularization, molecular mediators of tumor angiogenesis, biomarkers, and angiogenesis inhibitors. Invasion and metastasis definition, origins of metastatic tumor cells, metastatic cascade, tumor microenvironment determinants of metastatic potential and site of metastasis, tumor cell motility, tumor invasion of the basement membrane, initiation of cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions, and tumor cell migration, the role of integrins in tumor progression, proteases in tumor cell invasion. Telomeres, telomerase - structure, regulation, and function; telomerase reactivation, telomere maintenance and cancer.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:20
Carcinogenesis and Molecular Mechanism
 

Carcinogenesis process, cancer genes (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes) their mechanism of action, signal transduction pathway, ligands and receptors, protein kinases, Role of growth factors and receptors in carcinogenesis, RAS signaling in cancer, Familial cancer syndromes. Apoptosis definition, molecular mechanisms of apoptosis (extrinsic, intrinsic and perforin/granzyme pathway), Mechanism and control of apoptotic pathways, structure and function of the p53 and retinoblastoma proteins, apoptosis and cancer. Necrosis and autophagy mechanism, and relation to cancer. Angiogenesis and steps involved in vascularization, molecular mediators of tumor angiogenesis, biomarkers, and angiogenesis inhibitors. Invasion and metastasis definition, origins of metastatic tumor cells, metastatic cascade, tumor microenvironment determinants of metastatic potential and site of metastasis, tumor cell motility, tumor invasion of the basement membrane, initiation of cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions, and tumor cell migration, the role of integrins in tumor progression, proteases in tumor cell invasion. Telomeres, telomerase - structure, regulation, and function; telomerase reactivation, telomere maintenance and cancer.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer stem cells and omics of cancer
 

Cancer stem cells (CSC), the origin of CSC, CSC detection methods, CSC in solid tumors, epithelial and mesenchymal transition in the development of CSC, Application of genomics techniques in cancer, cancer genome analysis, cancer genome projects, cancer genomics, and drug resistance. Proteomics concepts, significance of proteomics in cancer, detection of tumors, oncoproteomics.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer stem cells and omics of cancer
 

Cancer stem cells (CSC), the origin of CSC, CSC detection methods, CSC in solid tumors, epithelial and mesenchymal transition in the development of CSC, Application of genomics techniques in cancer, cancer genome analysis, cancer genome projects, cancer genomics, and drug resistance. Proteomics concepts, significance of proteomics in cancer, detection of tumors, oncoproteomics.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer stem cells and omics of cancer
 

Cancer stem cells (CSC), the origin of CSC, CSC detection methods, CSC in solid tumors, epithelial and mesenchymal transition in the development of CSC, Application of genomics techniques in cancer, cancer genome analysis, cancer genome projects, cancer genomics, and drug resistance. Proteomics concepts, significance of proteomics in cancer, detection of tumors, oncoproteomics.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer Immunology
 

Immune response and tumor escape - immune surveillance against strongly immunogenic tumors, innate immune response to tumor cells, adaptive immune response to tumor cells, tumor antigen-specific immune response, apoptosis of CD8+ effector T cells, changes in HLA by tumor cells. Immunodiagnosis of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, cancer immunotherapy.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer Immunology
 

Immune response and tumor escape - immune surveillance against strongly immunogenic tumors, innate immune response to tumor cells, adaptive immune response to tumor cells, tumor antigen-specific immune response, apoptosis of CD8+ effector T cells, changes in HLA by tumor cells. Immunodiagnosis of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, cancer immunotherapy.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer Immunology
 

Immune response and tumor escape - immune surveillance against strongly immunogenic tumors, innate immune response to tumor cells, adaptive immune response to tumor cells, tumor antigen-specific immune response, apoptosis of CD8+ effector T cells, changes in HLA by tumor cells. Immunodiagnosis of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, cancer immunotherapy.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer diagnostic and therapeutics
 

Cancer diagnostic methods- Physical examinations, Lab tests, Diagnostic imaging, Endoscopic exams, Genetic tests, Tumor biopsies, immunohistochemistry, mammogram, pap smear test, cancer antigen test. Treatment of Cancer - Surgery, Chemotherapy, Nuclear medicine therapy, Radiation therapy, Immunotherapy, CAR-T Cell therapy, Targeted therapy, gene therapy, Inhibitors of HAT and HDAC, and application of interleukin 2.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer diagnostic and therapeutics
 

Cancer diagnostic methods- Physical examinations, Lab tests, Diagnostic imaging, Endoscopic exams, Genetic tests, Tumor biopsies, immunohistochemistry, mammogram, pap smear test, cancer antigen test. Treatment of Cancer - Surgery, Chemotherapy, Nuclear medicine therapy, Radiation therapy, Immunotherapy, CAR-T Cell therapy, Targeted therapy, gene therapy, Inhibitors of HAT and HDAC, and application of interleukin 2.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:6
Cancer diagnostic and therapeutics
 

Cancer diagnostic methods- Physical examinations, Lab tests, Diagnostic imaging, Endoscopic exams, Genetic tests, Tumor biopsies, immunohistochemistry, mammogram, pap smear test, cancer antigen test. Treatment of Cancer - Surgery, Chemotherapy, Nuclear medicine therapy, Radiation therapy, Immunotherapy, CAR-T Cell therapy, Targeted therapy, gene therapy, Inhibitors of HAT and HDAC, and application of interleukin 2.

Text Books And Reference Books:
  1. The Biology of Cancer - Robert Weinberg, Publisher Garland Publishing Inc., 2013.
  2. Principles of Cancer Biology - Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Pearson Education India, 2016.

 

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
  1. Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer Fourth Edition - Margaret Knowles and Peter Selby, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Evaluation Pattern

Based on Internal assessment (CIA 50%)

● 5 Assignments based on the sources: library, resource materials, videos: 10%

● Test papers/quizzes based on the contact classes -25 %

● Involvement in the group discussion and report submission - 10%

● Completion of MOOC and micro presentation/report submission based on MOOC: 5%

Comprehensive evaluation of the course (End semester examination) - 50% (100 marks)

MZOO331 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

To introduce the concepts and process in developmental biology; to help students understand and appreciate the genetic mechanisms and the unfolding ofthe same during development and to expose the learner to the new developments in embryology and its relevance to human. 

Learning Outcome

CO1: understand the key principles of Developmental Biology towards evaluating the latest developments in the field of Embryology.

CO2: analyse key concepts, including mechanisms by which differential gene activity controls development.

CO3: Assess the pathways involved in embryonic developments.

CO4: Inspect the concepts related to human welfare and regeneration concepts.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
History and basic concepts
 

The origin of developmental biology- cell theory, mosaic and regulative development, genetics and development; cell division, cell differentiation, signalling, genomic equivale patterning; model systems: vertebrate model organisms- Xenopus laevis, chicken, mammals, zebrafish; invertebrate model organism- Drosophila melanogasterCaenorhabditis elegans; cell-cell lineage, Genomic equivalence. Concept and Mechanism of Fertilization-Concept and types, Molecular Events of Fertilization, Post Fertilization events, Patterning the vertebrate body; Germ layer formation, fate mapping.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:10
Early embryonic development of vertebrates and invertebrates
 

Identification of developmental genes: spontaneous and induced mutation, mutant screening, developmental mutations in human. Structure of the gametes– the sperm, the egg; cleavage, types of cleavage and gastrulation; axes and germ layers; morphogenesis– cell adhesion, cleavage and formation of blastula, gastrulation, neural tube formation, cell migration; Axis specification in Drosophila; origin of anterior- posterior and dorsal- ventral patterning- role of maternal genes, patterning of early embryo by zygotic genes; segmentation genes- the gap genes, the pair– rule genes, the segment polarity genes, the homeotic selector genes- bithorax and antennapedia complex.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:10
General concepts of organogenesis
 

Development of chick limb- development and patterning of vertebrate limb, proximal- distal and dorso- ventral axis formation, homeobox genes in patterning, signaling in patterning of the limb; Morphogenesis: Adhesion and Cleavage; Gastrulation and Neurulation insect imaginal disc– determination of wing and leg imaginal discs, organizing center in patterning of the wing, butterfly wing development, the homeotic selector genes for segmental identity; insect compound eye– morphogenetic furrow, ommatidia, signaling, eyeless gene; kidney development– development of ureteric bud and mesenchymal tubules.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Regeneration
 

Growth- cell proliferation, growth hormones; aging- Environmental and epigenetic causes of aging; regeneration,Types, Blastema formation,Sources of cells for regeneration– epimorphic regeneration of reptile (salamander) limb, requirement of nerves for the proliferation of blastema cells; embryonic stem cells and their applications-The Plasticity of Gene Expression (Stem Cells) ; genetic errors of human development- the nature of human syndromes– pleiotropy, genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic variability, mechanism of dominance; gene expression and human disease– inborn errors of nuclear RNA processing, inborn errors of translation; Teratogenesis: Malformations and disruptions, Gene – phene relationship, Pleiotrophy; Teratogenic agents (Retinoic acid, pathogens, alcohol, drugs and chemicals, heavy metals); Environmental oestrogens

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:10
Metamorphosis and Cryopreservation
 

Metamorphosis of Amphibians and Insects; Hormonal control of metamorphosis. Heterochrony- neoteny, progenesis (Brief accounts); regeneration - different types ofregeneration; Regeneration Therapy – Cardiac, bone and neuronal regeneration,

Cryopreservation of stem cells – Concept, tools, techniques and application, Histological processes during regeneration; Polarity and Metaplasia in regeneration; Lens regeneration in amphibia; Bone and neural regeneration (Medical -Advances in regeneration), segmentation genes. Homeotic selector genes

Unit-6
Teaching Hours:10
Chromosomal aberrations and Infertility
 

Disorders of sex development, Chromosomal aberrations Infertility - causes and symptoms, ART- OI, AI,donor conception, IVF, ICSI, GIFT, ZIFT, PGD, Surrogacy. Stem cells and their applications, Prenatal and Neonatal care, Ultra Sound monitoring of the fetus, Birth control, Bioethics and regulations in artificial reproductive technology, clinical translation of gene therapy products

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Developmental Biology, Gilbert, (8th Ed., 2006) Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts, USA.

2. Principles of Development, Wolpert, Beddington, Brockes, Jessell, Lawrence, Meyerowitz, (3rd Ed., 2006), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, INDIA.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

3. Analysis of Biological Development, Kalthoff, (2nd Ed., 2000), McGraw-Hill Science, New Delhi, INDIA.

4. Balinsky, B.I.2004. An Introduction to Embryology. W.B.SaundersCo., Philadelphia.

5. Berril, N.J. 1979. Developmental Biology.Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.Co.Ltd.,New Delhi.

6. Gilbert, S.F. 2006. Developmental Biology (9thedn).Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers, Masachusettes, USA

7. Hopper, A.F. and Hart, N.H.1985. Foundations of Animal Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

8. Lewis Wolpert. 2007. Principles of Development. Oxford University Press.Oxford

9. Saunders, J.W.1982. Developmental Biology-Patterns,Principles and Problems. Macmillan Publishing Co.,New York.

10. Subramanian, T. 2002. Developmental Biology.Alpha Science International Ltd.,New Delhi

11. Sunstard,D.P., Simmons, M. J. and J.B Jenkins.1997. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and sons, New York.

12. Wolpert L. and C. Tickle. 2011. Principles of Development.(4thedn). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Evaluation Pattern

CIA:

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

MZOO332 - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

To study and compare the functioning of organ systems across the animal world; to give an overview of the comparative functioning of different systems in animals and to learn more about human physiology.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Outline major physiological systems and be able to associate anatomical areas with their specific function

CO2: develop the critical thinking skills and apply physiological concepts and principles at the basic and applied levels.

CO3: Examine important physiological challenges animals face and the processes by which animals deal with them.

CO4: Inspect physiological processes to the system level and relate to the function of the entire organism in its environment.

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:12
Digestion and Absorption
 

Nutrition in animals, mechanisms of food intake in different animals, Physiology of digestion and absorption. Structural and biochemical adaptations to special dietary pattern, symbiotic digestion, neuronal and hormonal regulation of nutritional intake, hunger drive, thirst. Importance of Dietery fibres, Obesity- causes and consequences, outline of hormonal involvement, Leptin: synthesis, secretion and its role in adipogenesis.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
Circulation and Respiration
 

Circulatory mechanisms and fluid compartments, open system, closed system, lymphatic system; Types of hearts- chambered heart, tubular heart, ampullar heart, lymph heart, neurogenic and myogenic heart, Anatomy of Heart, conducting system of heart impulses, Cardiac cylce, Cardiac output, blood pressure, blood buffers, circulatory shock, circulatory arrest. Human congenital heart diseases. Effect of drugs and exercise on cardiovascular physiology.

Respiration in invertebrates (WSR to arthropods) and vertebrates. Structure and function of respiratory pigments. Pulmonary ventilation, respiratory muscles, surfactants. Respiratory centers and periodic breathing. Regulation of respiration. Respiration in unusual environment – foetal and neonatal respiration, high altitude, diving. Metabolic rate: measurement of basal metabolic rate and respiratory quotient and its significance

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:12
Osmoregulation, Excretion and Thermoregulation
 

Osmoregulation in freshwater, marine and terrestrial animals. Excretion in invertebrates and vertebrates. Physiology and regulation of urine formation, Hormonal regulation of urine formation, Renin-angiotensin system Regulation of water balance, electrolyte balance and acid-base balance; Dialysis, artificial kidney, kidney transplantation.

Thermoregulation - Heat balance in animals, Adaptations to temperature extremes, torpor, Adaptations to Stress- basic concept of environmental stress, acclimation, acclimatization, avoidance and tolerance, stress and hormones.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:12
Sensory Physiology
 

Neuroanatomy of the central and peripheral nervous system. Electrical and chemical transmission. Synaptic transmission. Modifications of synaptic transmission during fatigue, acidosis, alkalosis, hypoxia and drugs. Mechanism of excitatory and inhibitory pathways. Neuromuscular Junction: organization and properties of neuromuscular junction, neuromodulators. 

Photoreception, chemoreception, mechanoreception, echolocation, Chromatophores and bioluminescence. Endogenous and exogenous biological rhythms, Circadian clocks, Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), Afferent and efferent pathways of the SCN, Molecular mechanism of circadian timekeeping system, circadian dysfunction and related disorders (Sleep disorders, mood-related disorders).

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:12
Reproductive physiology
 

Anatomy and histology of adult testis and ovary, sperm and ovary analysis. Reproductive cycles of mammals and their hormonal control. Physiology of implantation, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation. Impact of senescence and age on reproduction. Disorders associated with reproductive physiology. Superovulation, events of fertilization, fertility center.

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Bentley,P.J. 1998. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology (3rd edn). Cambridge University Press

2. Bray, J.J., Cragg, P. A, Macknight, A.D, Mills, R.S and Taylor, D.W 1986. Lecture Notes on human Physiology. ELBS, New Delhi.

3. Brijlal Gupta and J.A. Ramsay, 1977. Transport of Ions and Water in Animals. Academic Press, New York.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

4. Chatterjee, C.C. 1997. Human Physiology. Medical allied agency, Calcutta.

5. Ganong, W.F 1987. Review of Medical physiology. Appleton and lang, Norwalk.

6. Guyton, A.C. 1996. Text Book of Medical physiology. Prism Books Pvt.Ltd.Bangalore

7. Hill, W.R., Wyse, G.A and Anderson, M. 2007. Animal Physiology (2nd edn). Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers, MA, USA.

8. Hoar, W.S. 1983. General and Comparative Physiology. Prentice Hall of India,New Delhi.

9. Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N. 1984. Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

10. Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N 2002. Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.

11. Ian Kay.1998. Introduction to Animal Physiology. Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford, UK

12. Keele, C.A, Neil, E. and Joels, N. 1982. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Oxford University Press

13. Knut Schmidt-Neilsen. 1997. Animal physiology: Adaptations and Environment Cambridge University Press

14. Larsson, P.R. et al., 2002. William’s Text Book of Endocrinology (10th edn). W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia

15. Moyers, D.C and Schulte ,P.M. 2007. Principles of Animal Physiology (2nd edn). Benjamin Cummings, CA, USA

16. Prosser, C.L and Brown, F.A. 1973. Comparative Animal Physiology. W.B Saunders Company, Philadelphia

17. Randall, D., Burgrenn, W. and French, K. 1997. Eckert Animal physiology. W.H. freeman & Co, New York.

18. Squires,E.J. 2003 Applied Animal Endocrinology, CABI Publications,UK.

19. Timothy J. Bradley. 2009.Animal Osmoregulation. OABS, Oxford University Press, UK.

20. Wilmer, P., G. Stone and I .Jonston. 1997. Environmental Physiology of Animals (2nd edn). Blackwell Publishers, NY, USA

Evaluation Pattern

CIA:

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

MZOO333 - COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100
Credits:4

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

To learn the anatomy of several representative invertebrates and vertebrates, to gain familiarity with anatomical terms and descriptors, to learn how to use guides and diagrams to identify anatomical features in an actual organism, to learn dissection techniques, to understand how morphology relates to function, to understand how biomechanical constraints influence anatomy and physiology.

Learning Outcome

CO1: To understand the functional anatomy of invertebrates and vertebrates

CO2: To Outline physiological function and developmental processes

CO3: TO examine the evolutionary history of the invertebrates and vertebrates and of their organ systems

CO4: To compare and contrast anatomical structures of different animal groups

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:12
Skeletal system
 

Types of skeletal system; Axial (skull, vertebral column, and rib cage) and appendicular (shoulders, limb bones, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle) skeletal system, their modification and significance in tetrapods.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
Integumentary and Muscular system
 

Integumentary system in invertebrates, Derivatives of Integumentary system of Fish Mammals, Musculature in vertebrates- smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles, red and white muscles, physicochemical properties of muscle. Energetics of muscle contraction.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:12
Digestive and Vascular system
 

Digestive system of Invertebrates and Vertebrates. Brief account of alimentary canal and digestive glands. Canalicular system in Porifera, Vascular system in Annelida and Arthropoda; Evolution of Portal system in Vertebrates, Lymphatic system in Land Vertebrates,

Respiratory system: Respiratory organs of Annelids, Arthropods (Book lungs, book gills, trachea). Pharyngeal basket in Lower Chordates. Respiratory organs of higher Chordates

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:12
Nervous system
 

Nervous system in Cnidaria, Helminthes, Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms. Central, Peripheral and autonomous system in Tetrapod; Sensory organs in Cnidarians, Helminthes, Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms. Somatic and visceral receptors of the Vertebrates.

Unit-5
Teaching Hours:12
Urino-genital system
 

Excretory organs in Helminthes, Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms and vertebrates; Reproductive organs in Arthropods and Echinoderms. Testes, vasa differentia, ovary and oviduct of Vertebrates. Evolution of urinogenital system.

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Barrington EJ, Invertebrate Structure and Function, Thomas Nelson and Sons USA.

2. Kardong K, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA. Kent CG and Carr R, Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.

3. Liem KF and Franklin W, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: an Evolutionary Perspective, Harcourt College Publishers, California.

4. Wolff RG, Functional Chordate Anatomy, Amazon Publication, UK

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. Barrington EJ, Invertebrate Structure and Function, Thomas Nelson and Sons, USA.

2. Kardong K, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.

3. Kent CG and Carr R, Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA

Evaluation Pattern

CIA:

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

MZOO334 - ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:45
No of Lecture Hours/Week:3
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

Animals and animal products are used to support research by providing products that help technicians to grow cells, viruses, and microbes in culture. Biotechnologists also use animals to produce antibodies, interferons, vaccines etc. Cultured cells are finding innumerable applications in recent days. The paper describes the concepts of cell culture in animal systems. Methods of IVF and its significance in animals and human beings also forms part of this paper. The potential of embryonic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells in creating tissues for transplant and the ethical issues will be discussed. Animal biotechnology focuses on the manipulation of genes in animals – introduction and knockout of genes and their effects, different systems available for the production of sustainable industrial products and important therapeutic and diagnostic drugs and vaccines for medical and veterinary use.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Understand the concepts of cell culture which includes culture methods, characterization, monitoring tools

CO2: Analyse the applications of cell culture and stem cells.

CO3: Examine the methods involved in the artificial reproductive technology

CO4: Assess the process of Vaccine development and inspect the applications and process involved in the development of transgenic animals

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:10
Establishment of Cell lines
 

History of animal cell culture, Lab set up, Biosafety measures in ACC lab, Type I II, II and IV biosafety levels, types of medium (Defined and undefined), Eagles. Dulbecco’s etc., Buffers, Growth factors, significance of serum, growth requirements – temperature, Carbon dioxide etc., Culture vessels- Roux and Roller bottles, Primary culture, disaggregation of tissue (physical and chemical methods- trypsin, collagenase), secondary cell lines, continuous cell lines, characteristics and maintenance of cell lines, measurement of cell viability, Trypan blue method.

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:12
Features of Cultured Cell lines
 

Cell adhesion-CAM Molecules (Cadherins, Integrins, selectins), proliferation, differentiation. Morphology of cells, commonly used cell lines – CHO, BHK, Vero, HeLa, use in disease diagnosis, Cytotoxicity assays, survival assays, clonogenic assays, transformation assays. cell synchronization, senescence and apoptosis, Monolayer and suspension cultures, scaleup of animal cell cultures, bioreactors used.

Application of cell lines-Applications of animal cell lines – vaccine production, toxicity testing, nano particles in vaccine delivery systems, tissue engineering - scaffold materials (natural and synthetic), techniques, artificial skin, cartilage and pancreas, culture techniques - Plasma Clot, Raft methods, Agargel, Grid method, product recovery and purification. clinical translation of gene therapy products. Bioethics and regulations in artificial reproductive technology

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:13
Stem cells, IVF and Cloning
 

IVF- in vitro fertilization of farm animals, need for IVF, techniques used - induction of superovulation, preparation and collection of oocytes and spermatozoa, in vitro fertilization and development, embryo transfer & its advantages, embryo splitting and cryopreservation, IVF in humans- significance, ethics to be followed. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, therapeutic cloning, cloning to conserve endangered species, ethical issues.Scope of stem cell technology, properties of stem cells, types of stem cells, Embryonic stem cells - stimulation of embryonic stem cells to differentiate, therapeutic adult stem cells - source, differentiation, similarities between adult and embryonic stem cells, induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells, cellular potency, lineage commitment, cellular development anddifferentiation applications, correlation between stem cells and cancer, cellular potency-generation of induced pluripotent cells, challenges in stem cell therapy.

Unit-4
Teaching Hours:10
Transgenic animals and ethical issues
 

Transgenic mice and their applications in understanding normal and disease conditions of physiological processes, Significance and production of human mouse, Onco mouse, transgenic pigs, mosquitoes, sheep, fish, snail, cattle etc. Gene knock outs- strategies, importance, knock out mouse, SCID mouse. Animal handling – techniques and rules to be followed. Cloned animals- Dolly, transgenic animals - Transgenic sheep, cow, fish, pig etc., pharming, animal bioreactors and their importance. Safety in release of genetically engineered organisms, genetic modifications and food consumption, pre-clinical modelling to patient therapy funding of biotech business in India, Bio-entrepreneurship efforts in India.

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. I. Freshney. Culture of Animal Cells. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2006

2. R. Portner. Animal Cell Biotechnology, Humana Press, 2007

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. M. Butler. Animal Cell Culture & Technology – the basics, 2 ed, UK: Taylor and Francis, 2004

2. S. Gangal. Principles and Practice of Animal Tissue Culture, 2nd ed, Hyderabad: Universities Press, 2010

3. B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. R. K. Roberts and P. Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell, USA: Garland Science Publishing, 2008

4. L. Houdibine. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003.

Evaluation Pattern

CIA:

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10%

● Attendance: 5%

CIA total: 50%

End Semester examination: 50% (100 marks)

● Question 1 - 20 marks - No internal choice

● Question 2 - 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 3- 20 Marks - No internal choice

● Question 4- 20 Marks - With internal choice

● Question 5- 20 Marks - With internal choice

MZOO351 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY LAB (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:90
No of Lecture Hours/Week:6
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

To introduce the practical and applied aspects in developmental biology, animal biotechnology and animal physiology; to help students understand and appreciate the genetic mechanisms and the unfolding ofthe same during development and to expose the learner to the new developments in embryology and its relevance to human and other organisms. 

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students will be able to learn various techniques to assess the developmental and physiological state of the animal

CO2: Students will be able to have in-depth understanding on various advanced analytical techniques used in physiology and assess the dissection of various organs and systems

CO3: Students will be able to formulate hypotheses, collect and analyze data, and present results in the standard format of scientific records

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:40
Animal Physiology
 

1. To examine the relative activity of enzymes in the fore, mid, and hindgut of a typical insect.

2. Oxygen consumption in fish (normal and stressed). Graphical representation and interpretation.

3. Liver function test.

4. Study on the hematological parameters

5. Effect of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic saline on the diameter of RBCs (preferably human) and determination of the isotonic concentration using micrometric measurements.

6. Visit to fertility center / brain museum

7. Study of human lung functional test using Spirometer

8. Tread Mill Test for heart functioning.

9. Eye functioning test.

10. Effect of salivary amylase activity on starch at different temperature

11. Effect of salivary amylase activity on starch at different pH

12. Study of biological rhythms in humans - Circadian body temperature rhythm

13. Study of chemosensory structures from Hymenopterans (Sensilla coeloconica and Sensilla ampullaceum from antenna of weaver ants)

14. Study of lyriform slit sensory organs in spiders.

15. Golgi-cox staining of fish brain and observation of neurons and dendritic architecture. 

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:40
Animal Biotechnology:
 

1. Set up of Animal Cell Culture Lab and Biosafety regulations

2. Isolation  and processing of animal cell

3. Initiation of Primary Culture from Chick Embryo

4. Preparation of single cell suspension from spleen / liver / thymus

5. Cell counting and cell viability assessment by Trypan Blue method

6. Culture of lymphocytes

7. Cryopreservation of primary cultures and cell lines

8. Animal handling - techniques and regulations

9. Micronucleus assay

10. Cell toxicity testing (MTT assay)

11. Visit to cell culture facility lab.

Unit-3
Teaching Hours:40
Developmental Biology:
 

1. Identification of different developmental stages of frog (egg, blastula, gastrula, neurula,

2. Tadpole stage of frog with external gill and internal gill).

3. Vital staining of early gastrula of chick – window method.

4. Blastoderm mounting of chick embryo using vital stains.

5. Morphological and histological studies of different types of placenta in mammals.

6. Study of serial sections of embryo (tadpole and chick).

7. Regeneration studies in fish (Zebra Fish) / Earth worm.

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Bentley,P.J. 1998. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology (3rd edn). Cambridge University Press

2. Bray, J.J., Cragg, P. A, Macknight, A.D, Mills, R.S and Taylor, D.W 1986. Lecture Notes on human Physiology. ELBS, New Delhi.

3. Brijlal Gupta and J.A. Ramsay, 1977. Transport of Ions and Water in Animals. Academic Press, New York

4. Chatterjee, C.C. 1997. Human Physiology. Medical allied agency, Calcutta

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. Bentley,P.J. 1998. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology (3rd edn). Cambridge University Press

2. Bray, J.J., Cragg, P. A, Macknight, A.D, Mills, R.S and Taylor, D.W 1986. Lecture Notes on human Physiology. ELBS, New Delhi.

3. Brijlal Gupta and J.A. Ramsay, 1977. Transport of Ions and Water in Animals. Academic Press, New York.

4. Chatterjee, C.C. 1997. Human Physiology. Medical allied agency, Calcutta

Evaluation Pattern

Developmental Biology & Animal Biotechnology:

1. Isolation and Identification of Liver parenchymatous cells from the given sample.

(Principle - 2 m, Materials and Method (1+1)- 2 m, Result - 6 m) 10 marks

2. Report the percentage of cell viability in the given sample. (Principle - 2 marks, Materials

and Method (2+2)- 4 marks, Result - 9 marks) 15 marks

3. ABT Spotters (Identification- 2 marks; Description- 3 marks) 2*5= 10 marks

4. Comment on the developmental stages of the displayed specimens (Identification- 2

marks; Description- 3 marks- 5 marks) (4*5=20 marks)

5. Perform a vital staining technique for the provided cell and comment on the

morphological pattern.(Principle- 2 marks; Materials and Methods- 1+2- 3 marks; Result-

5 marks - 10 marks)

 

Animal Physiology:

 

1. To study the effect of different saline pH on the diameter of RBCs using micrometric

measurements. (Principle-3 marks; Materials and Method- 2 marks; Results- 5 marks (1 x 10

marks)

2. Calculate the oxygen consumption by the fish in normal and stressed conditions. 15

marks(Principle-3 marks; Materials and Method- 2 marks; Results- 10 marks (1 x 10 marks)

3. Identify and comment on A and B (2 x 5 marks) 10 marks

 

CIA:

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (60 marks)

● Record: 10%

CIA total: 100 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

Total marks (CIA+ESE)= 100 marks (50+50 marks)

MZOO352 - IMMUNOLOGY, COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES LAB (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:90
No of Lecture Hours/Week:6
Max Marks:100
Credits:3

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

This paper focuses on the fundamental science of immunology and comparative anatomy and explores the clinical and therapeutic aspects of immunology and dissection of various animals.

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students will be able to learn various concepts of immunity and the mechanism of cellular and humoral immune response and the therapeutic agents used in medicine.

CO2: Students will be able to have in-depth understanding on external anatomy, skeletal features, and internal organ systems of the different groups of vertebrates

CO3: Students will be able to formulate hypotheses, collect and analyze data, and present results in the standard format of scientific records

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:60
Immunology Lab
 

1. Collection of primary and secondary immune organs of Goat/sheep

2. Preparation and study of phagocytosis by splenic/peritoneal macrophages.

3. Ouchterlony (double diffusion) assay for Antigen -antibody specificity and titer.

4. ELISA

5. Radial Immuno diffusion

6. Antibody purification from the serum collected from immunized mice: affinity purification/chromatography.

7. Immunoelectrophoresis.

8. Rocket electrophoresis

9. Demonstration of Western blotting:

10. Protein estimation by Lowry’s method /Bradford’s method

11. SDS-PAGE.

12. Immunoblot analysis.

13. Widal test

14. VDRL TEST

Unit-2
Teaching Hours:60
Comparative anatomy lab
 

15. Osteology of chick and rat - Skull, limb bones and girdles,

16. Integumentary system of vertebrates - Histological observation

17. Comparative anatomy of heart in vertebrates

18. Mounting of Trachea and Spiracles of insect.

19. Excretory system in invertebrates - Insect, crustacean,

20. Afferent and efferent branchial system of fishes

21. Hepatic portal system of rat.

22. Nervous system of Crab, Pila/Loligo

23. Cranial nerves (V-VII and IX- X) of teleost fish

24. Nerves and blood vessels in the neck region of rat;

25. Reproductive system of cockroach

26. Reproductive system of fish

27. Mounting (Temporary) of Mouth parts of Honeybees, Mosquito, Butterfly, Salivary glands of cockroach

28. Mounting of statocyst of Prawn/Loligo, Ctenidium and Osphradium of Pila, Radula ofPila,

 

Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Kuby Immunology, Richard, Thomas, Barbara, Janis, (5th Ed., 2003), W. H. Freeman and company, New York, USA.

2. Immuno Biology- The immune system in health and disease, Janeway, Travers, Walport and Shlomchik, (6th Ed., 2005), Garland Science Publishing, New York, USA.

3. Kardong K, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution, McGraw- Hill Companies, USA. Kent CG and Carr R, Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.

4. Liem KF and Franklin W, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: an Evolutionary Perspective, Harcourt College Publishers, California.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. Immunology, David, Brostoff and Roitt, (7th Ed., 2006), Mosby & Elsevier Publishing, Canada, USA.

2. Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.K and Pober , J.S. 1997. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. W.B. Saunders Co. New York

3. Ashim K. Chakravarthy. 1998. Immunology. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

4. Chakraborty, A.K. 2006. Immunology and Immunotechnology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi

5. Darla, J, Wise & Gordeon, R.Carter. 2004. Immunology- A Comprehensive Review. Iowa State University Press. A Blackwell Science Co, USA

6. David Male, Jonathan Brostoff, David Roth and Ivan Roitt. 2006. Immunology. Mosby, Edinburgh, UK

7. Goldsby, R.A., Kindt, T.J. and Osborne, B.A.2000. Immunology (4th edn.). W.H. Freeman and Co. NY, USA.

8. Hannigan, B. M., Moore, C. B. T. and Quinn, D. G. 2010. Immunology. Viva Books, New Delhi.

9. Barrington EJ, Invertebrate Structure and Function, Thomas Nelson and Sons, USA.

10. Wolff RG, Functional Chordate Anatomy, Amazon Publication, UK.

Evaluation Pattern

Immunology:

1 Enumeration of RBC/WBC in the given blood sample using haemocytometer.

(Principle - 4 m, Procedure - 3 m, Result- 5 m Discussion-3m) 15 marks

 

2 Differential staining of WBC. (Principle - 3 m, Procedure - 2m, Results and

calculations - 5 m) 10 marks

 

3 i) Identify the spotters and comment on them. (5 x 2 =10 marks)

ii) Logical reasoning (2*2.5 = 5 marks) 15 marks

 

Comparative anatomy:

1 Identify and comment on A, B, C, D & E with neat labeled diagram Any 5 - Osteology of chick and rat (limb bones and girdles, appendicular and flight muscles of bird) Mounting

(Temporary) of Mouth parts of Mosquito, Salivary glands of cockroach/ Ctenidium and Osphradium of Pila, Radula of Pila/ Mounting of Trachea and Spiracles of insect; Reproductive system of cockroach

(Identification 1, Comment 2, diagram 2)- 25 marks

 

2 Dissect and display the given specimen F and comment on its anatomical features with diagram (any 1 - Afferent or efferent branchial system of fishes/ Cranial nerves of teleost

fish/ Reproductive system of fish/ statocyst of Prawn/ ) (Dissection and Display 6; Comment 2, diagram 2) 10 marks

 

3 Identify the flag labeled specimen G and comment (any 2 - Hepatic portal system of rat/ 10 marks

Nervous system of Crab, Pila/Loligo/ Nerves and blood vessels in the neck region of rat/ Reproductive system of

cockroach/ Mounting (Temporary) of Mouth parts of Mosquito, Salivary glands of cockroach/ Mounting of statocyst

of Prawn/Loligo, Ctenidium and Osphradium of Pila, Radula ofPila/ Mounting of Trachea and Spiracles of insect;

Reproductive system of cockroach

(Identification 1, Comment 2, diagram 2)

4 Viva 5 marks

 

CIA:

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (60 marks)

● Record: 10%

CIA total: 100 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

Total marks (CIA+ESE)= 100 marks (50+50 marks)

MLIF481 - DISSERTATION (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:0
No of Lecture Hours/Week:0
Max Marks:200
Credits:6

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

 The main objective of this course is the awareness and understanding of students in thefield of research, by learning the latest technologies in solving a research problem

 
 

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students will be able to design an experiment that is innovative and productive.

CO2: Students will be able to write a good research proposal, that will help them in their future career.

CO3: Students will be able to apply good manufacturing practices during industrial work

CO4: Students will be able to design experiments from pilot to large scales

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:0
NA
 

NA

 
 
Unit-1
Teaching Hours:0
NA
 

NA

 
 
Unit-1
Teaching Hours:0
NA
 

NA

 
 
Text Books And Reference Books:

Reseach articles and review articles as per requirement of project

 
 
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

Reseach articles and review articles as per requirement of project

 
 
Evaluation Pattern

Components of project evaluation: Thesis, presentation  viva and publication. 

 
 

MLIF482 - INTERNSHIP (2023 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:0
No of Lecture Hours/Week:0
Max Marks:200
Credits:6

Course Objectives/Course Description

 

Summer Internship provides an exposure to the research and developments happening in both research institutes as well as industries.

 
 
 
 

Learning Outcome

CO1: Students will be able to understand the recent concepts of research

CO2: Students will be able to write discussions for their research output

CO3: Students will be able to develop the reasoning skills

Unit-1
Teaching Hours:0
N/A
 

N/A

 
 
 
 
Unit-1
Teaching Hours:0
N/A
 

N/A

 
 
 
 
Unit-1
Teaching Hours:0
N/A
 

N/A

 
 
 
 
Text Books And Reference Books:

N/A

 
 
 
 
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

N/A

 
 
 
 
Evaluation Pattern

Evaluation will be based on the internship-report that they submit and/or presentation on their learnings during VIVA.